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A Collaborative Project? 
At the end of the meeting, we brainstormed about how we might organize a distributed, collaborative 
project to build an architecture based on the ideas discussed at this meeting. It is a difficult challenge, both 
technically and socially, to get a community of researchers to work on a common project. However, 
successes in the Open Source community show that such distributed projects are feasible when the 
components can be reasonably disassociated. 
Furthermore, this kind of architecture itself should help to make it easy for members of the project to 
add new types of representations and processes. However, we first would have to develop a set of protocols 
to support the interoperation of such a diverse array of methods. Erik Mueller suggested that such an 
organization could be modeled after the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and its job would largely be 
to assess, standardize and publish the protocols and underlying tools that such a distributed effort would 
demand. 
While we did not sketch a detailed plan for how to proceed, Aaron Sloman, Erik Mueller and Push 
Singh listed some technical steps that such a project would need: 
First, it should not be too hard to develop a suitable virtual model world, because the present-day 
video game and computer graphics industry has produced most of the required components. These should 
already include adequate libraries for computer graphics, physics simulation, collision detection, and so 
forth. 
Second, we need to develop and order the set of miniscenarios that we will use to organize and 
evaluate our progress. This would be a continuous process, as new types of problems will constantly be 
identified. 
Third, what kinds of protocols could the agents of this cognitive system use to coordinate with each 
other? This would include messages for updating representations, describing goals, identifying impasses, 
requesting knowledge, and so forth. We would consider the radical proposal to use, for this, an lnterlingua 
based on a simplified form of English, rather than trying to develop some brand new ontology for 
expressing commonsense ideas. Of course, each individual agent could be free to use internally whatever 
ontology or representation scheme was most convenient and useful. 
Fourth, we would need to create a comprehensive catalog of ways-to-think, to incorporate into the 
architecture. A commonsense system should be at least capable of reasoning about prediction, explanation, 
generalization, exemplification, planning, diagnosis, reflection, debugging, learning, and abstracting. 
Fifth, what are the kinds of self-reflections that a commonsense system should be able to make of 
itself, and how should these invoke and modify ways-to-think as problems are encountered? 
Sixth, in any case, such a system will need a substantial, general-purpose, and reusable commonsense 
knowledge base about the spatial, physical, bodily, social, psychological, reflective, and other important 
realms, enough to deal with a broad range of problems within the model world problem domain. 
Finally, we might need to develop a new kind of "intention-based" programming language to support 
the construction of such an architecture. 
Towards the Future 
Since our meeting similar sentiments have been expressed at DARPA, most notably in the recent 
"Cognitive Systems" Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) Broad Agency Announcement 
(BAA) (Brachman and Lemnios 2002), which solicits proposals for building AI systems that combine 
many elements of knowledge, reasoning, and learning. While we are gratified that architectural approaches 
are becoming more popular, we would like to see more emphasis placed on architectural designs that 
specifically support more common sense styles of thinking. 
There was a genuine sense of excitement at this meeting. The participants felt that it was a rare 
opportunity to focus once more on the grand goal of building a human-level intelligence. Over the next few 
years, we plan to develop a concrete implementation of an architecture based on the ideas discussed at this 
meeting, and we invite the rest of the Al community to join us in such efforts. 
Acknowledgements 
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We would like to thank Cecile Dejongh for taking care of the local arrangements, and extend a very 
special thanks to Linda Stone for making this meeting happen. This meeting was made possible by the 
generous support of Jeffrey Et/stela, 
Note 
(I.) This meeting was held in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, on April 14.16, 2002. The meeting 
included the following participants: Larry Birnbaum (Northwestern University), Ken Forbus (Northwestern 
University), Ben Kuipers (University of Texas at Austin), Dou las Lenat (Cycotp), Henry Lieberman 
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Henry Minsky ( 
Systems), Marvin Minsky (Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology), Erik Mueller (IBM T. J. WatsonResearch Center), Srini Narayanan (University 
of California, Berkeley), Ashwin Ram (Georgia Institute of Technology), Doug Riecken (IBM T. J. Watson 
Research Center), Roger Schank (Carnegie Mellon University), Mary Shepard (Cycorp), Push Singh 
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Jelivlark Siskind (Purdue University), Aaron Sloman 
(University of Birmingham), Oliver Steele (Systems), Linda Stone (independent consultant), Vemor 
Vinge (San Diego State University), and Michael Witbrock (Cycorp). 
References 
Braclunan, Ronald; and Lenutios, Zachary 2002. DARPA's New Cognitive Systems Vision. 
Computing Research News, 14(5):1, 8. 
Kitano, Hiroaki; Asada, Minoru; Kuniyoshi, Yasuo; Noda, Itsuki; Osawa, Eiichi; and Matsubara, 
Hitoshi. 1997. RoboCup: A Challenge problem for AI. Al Magazine, 18(1):73-85. 
Laird, John; Newell, Allen; and Rosenbloom, Paul 1987. SOAR: An Architecture for General 
Intelligence. AI Journal, 33(I):1-64. 
Lenat, Doug. 1995. CYC: A Large-scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure. Communications of 
the ACM, 38(11):33-38. 
McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Sloman, Aaron; Gong, Leiguang; Lau, Tessa; Morgenstern, Leora; 
Mueller, Erik; Riecken, Doug; Singh, Moninder, and Singh, Push 2002. An Architecture of Diversity for 
Commonsense Reasoning. IBM Systems Journal, 41(3):530-539. 
Minsky, Marvin. (forthcoming). The Emotion Machine. Pantheon, New York. Several chapters are 
on-line at http://web.media.mit.edu/people/minsIcy 
Minsky, Marvin 1992. Future of AI Technology. Toshiba Review, 47(7). 
Singh, Push ; and Minsky, Marvin. 2003. An Architecture for Combining Ways to Think Paper 
presented at the International Conference on Knowledge Intensive Multi-Agent Systems. Cambridge, 
Mass., September 30--October 3. 
Sloman, Aaron 2001. Beyond Shallow Models of Emotion. Cognitive Processing, 1(1):530-539. 
Marvin Minsky has made many contributions to AI, cognitive psychology, mathematics, 
computational linguistics, robotics, and optics. In recent years he has worked chiefly on imparting to 
machines the human capacity for commonsense reasoning. His conception of human intellectual structure 
and function is presented in The Society of Mind which is also the title of the course he teaches at MIT. He 
received his B.A. and Ph.D. in mathematics at Harvard and Princeton. In 1951 he built the SNARC, the 
first neural network simulator. His other inventions include mechanical hands and other robotic devices, the 
confocal scanning microscope, the "Muse" synthesizer for musical variations (with E. Fredkin), and the 
first LOGO "turtle" (with S. Papert). A member of the NAS, NAE and Argentine NAS, he has received the 
ACM Turing Award, the MIT Killian Award, the Japan Prize, the IJCAI Research Excellence Award, the 
Rank Prize and the Robert Wood Prize for Optoelectronics, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal. 
Push Singh is a doctoral candidate in MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer 
Science. His research is focused on finding ways to give computers humanlike common sense, and he is 
presently collaborating with Marvin Minsky to develop an architecture for commonsense thinking that 
makes use of many types of mechanisms for reasoning, representation, and reflection. He started the Open 
Mind Common Sense project at MIT, an effort to build large-scale commonsense knowledge bases by 
turning to the general public, and has worked on incorporating commonsense reasoning into a variety of 
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real-world applications. Singh received his B.S. and M.Eng. in electrical engineering and computer science 
from MIT. 
Aaron Sloman is a professor of AI and cognitive science at the University of Birmingham, UK. He 
received his B.Sc. in mathematics and physics (Cape Town, 1956), and a D.Phil. Philosophy, from Oxford 
(1962). Sloman is a Rhodes Scholar, a Fellow of AAAI, AISB, and ECCAI. He is also author of The 
Computer Revolution in Philosophy (1978) and many theoretical papers on vision, diagrammatic 
reasoning, forms of representation. architectures, emotions, consciousness, philosophy of Al, and tools for 
exploring architectures. Sloman maintains the FreePoplog open source web site and is about to embark on a 
large EC-funded robotics project. All papers, presentations, and software are accessible from his home 
page: www.cs.bham.ac.uW ass/ 
RELATED ARTICLE: Establishing a Collection of Graded Miniscenarios. 
How would we guide such a project and measure its progress over time? Some participants suggested 
trying to emulate the abilities of human children at various ages. However, others argued that while this 
should inspire us. we should not use it as a plan for the project. because we don't really yet know enough 
about the details of early human mental development. 
Aaron Sloman argued that it might be better to try to model the mind of a four- or five-year-old human 
child because that might lead more directly toward more substantial adult abilities. After the meeting, 
Sloman developed the notion of a "commonsense miniscenario," a concrete description in the form of a 
simple storyboard of a particular skill that a commonsense architecture should be able to demonstrate. Each 
miniscenario has several features: (1) It describes some forms of competence, which are robust insofar as 
they can cope with wide ranges of variation in the conditions; and (2) each comes with some meta-
competence for thinking and speaking about what was done. For example competence can have a number 
of different facets, including describing the process; explaining why something was done, or why 
something else would not have worked; being able to answer hypothetical questions about what would 
happen otherwise; being able to improve performance in such ways as improving fluency, removing bugs 
in strategics. and expanding the variety of contexts. The system should also be able to further justify these 
kinds of remarks. 
Sloman proposed this example of a sequence of increasingly sophisticated such miniscenarios in the 
proposed multi-robot problem domain: 
I. Person wants to get box from high shelf. Ladder is in place. Person climbs ladder, picks up box, and 
climbs down. 
2. As for 1, except that the person climbs ladder, fords he can't reach the box because it's too far to one 
side, so he climbs down, moves the ladder sideways, then as 1. 
3. As for 1, except that the ladder is lying on the floor at the far end of the room. He drags it across the 
room lifts it against the wall, then as I. 
4. As for I, except that if asked while climbing the ladder why he is climbing it the person answers: 
something like "To get the box." it should understand why "To get to the top of the ladder" or "To increase 
my height above the floor" would be inappropriate, albeit correct. 
5. As for 2 and 3, except that when asked, "Why are you moving the ladder?" the person gives a 
sensible reply. This can depend in complex ways on the previous contexts, as when there is already a ladder 
closer to the box, but which looks unsafe or has just been painted. If asked, "would it be safe to climb if the 
foot of the ladder is right up against the wall?" the person can reply with an answer that shows an 
understanding of the physics and geometry of the situation. 
6. The ladder is not long enough to reach the shelf if put against the wall at a safe angle for climbing. 
Another person suggests moving the bottom closer to the wall, and offers to hold the bottom of the ladder 
to make it safe. If asked why holding it will make it safe, gives a sensible answer about preventing rotation 
of ►adder. 
7. There is no ladder, but there are wooden rungs, and rails with holes from which a ladder can be 
constructed. The person makes a ladder and then acts as in previous scenarios. (This needs further 
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unpacking, e.g. regarding sensible sequences of actions, things that can go wrong during the construction, 
and how to recover from them, etc.) 
8. As for 7, but the rungs fit only loosely into the holes in the rails. Person assembles the ladder but 
refuses to climb up it, and if asked why can explain why it is unsafe. 
9. Person watching another who is about to climb up the ladder with loose rungs should be able to 
explain that a calamity could result, that the other might be hurt, and that people don't like being hurt. 
Such a system should be made to face a substantial library of such graded sequences of mini-scenarios 
that require it both to ►earn new skills, to improve its abilities to reflect on them, and (with practice) to 
become much more fluent and quick at achieving these tasks. These orderings should be based on such 
factors as the required complexity of objects, processes, and knowledge involved, the linguistic competence 
required, and the understanding of how others think and feel. That library could include all sorts of things 
children learn to do in such various contexts as dressing and undressing dolls, coloring in a picture book, 
taking a bath (or washing a dog), making toys out of Meccano and other construction kits, eating a meal, 
feeding a baby, cleaning a mess made by spilling some powder or liquid, reading a story and answering 
questions about it, making up stories, discussing behavior of a naughty person, and learning to think and 
talk about the past, the future, and about distant places, etc. 
IAC-CREATE-DATE: July 8, 2004 
LOAD-DATE: July 09, 2004 
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301 of 1456 DOCUMENTS 
Copyright 2005 Gale Group, Inc. 
All Rights Reserved 
ASAP 
Copyright 2005 American Academy of Arts and Sciences 
Daedalus 
June 22, 2005 
SECTION: Pg. 42(10) Vol. 134 No. 3 ISSN: 0011.5266 
ACC-NO: 135697725 
LENGTH: 5572 words 
HEADLINE: Compromised work. 
BYLINE: Gardner, Howard 
BODY: 
One would like to find an abundance of good workers across the professions: teachers who have 
mastered their subject matter, present itwell, and behave in a civil manner toward students and peers; 
physicians who are knowledgeable about the latest techniques and medications and who cater to the ill no 
matter where they are encountered and whether they have resources; lawyers who can argue a case 
persuasivelyand who make their services available to those in need, irrespectiveof their ability to pay. 
Occasionally the impressive achievements ofsuch individuals are publicly honored; and those concerned 
about thelong-term welfare of the society hope that aspiring teachers, physicians, and lawyers will have 
ample exposure to such exemplars of good work. 
Not surprisingly, the absence of good work commands the attention of scholars, journalists, dramatists, 
politicians, and ordinary folk. We are, perhaps naturally, perhaps understandably, fascinated to learn about 
the teacher who fails an exam or seduces a student; the physician who fakes her credentials or operates on 
the wrong patient; thelawyer who skirts the law or only defends the wealthy. As a friend quipped, Time 
Warner might sell more copies if it renamed its venerable business publication Misfortune. 
In the GoodWork Project in which my colleagues and I are involved,we are focusing on those 
individuals and institutions that aspire toward, and in the happiest case, exemplify, good work. There is 
much to be learned from careful study of a journalist like Edward IL Murrow, a physician like Albert 
Schweitzer, a publisher like Katharine Graham, a public servant like John Gardner (no relation). Yet it is 
important to recognize that many individuals fail to achieve good work, that some do not even strive to be 
good workers, and that in the absence of compelling role models, future workers stand little chance of 
becoming good workers themselves. Hence, it is justifiable at times to suspend our focus on good work to 
see what can be learned from frankly deviant cases. 
In what follows, I focus on what we have come to speak of as 'compromised work.' (1) We 
conceptualize this variant as work that is not,sirictly speaking, illegal, but whose quality compromises the 
ethical core of a profession. We do not concern ourselves with individuals who merit the descriptor 'bad 
workers'--the journalist who steals, the physician who commits assault and battery, the lawyer who 
murders. Presumably these individuals would engage in such illegal acts irrespective of their professional 
status, and it is the job of law enforcement officials, and not of professional gate-keepers, to call these 
miscreants to account. Rather, our concern is with the journalist who makes up stories, the politician whose 
word has no warrant, the physician who fails to heed the latest medical innovations and thus provides 
substandard treatment. Each of these individuals may at one time have embraced core values—journalistic 
integrity, political veracity,medical acumen—but at some point turned his back on the profession.If we can 
better understand how once good workers begin to compromise their work, we may be able to enhance the 
ranks of good workers. 
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It is easiest to spot compromised work in professions that have existed for some time and whose 
principal values are widely shared. In such domains there should be consensual processes of training, 
recognized mentors, and established procedures in place for censuring or ostracizing those whose work 
violates norms of the domain, with disbarment or loss of license as the ultimate sanction. Of the three 
professions I will treat in this essay, law is closest to the prototype, journalism is furthest (many journalists 
lack formal training), and accounting is somewhere in between. 
Since our project began (and no doubt long before), the pages of the newspapers have been filled with 
examples of compromised work; indeed, in preparing this essay I have sometimes been tempted to clip half 
the stories in the daily newspaper. Here I focus on three cases from recent years that caught both my 
attention and that of the broaderpublic. The first case involves Jayson Blair, an ambitious reporter for The 
New York Times who was fired after it was discovered he had plagiarized and fabricated stories. The 
second case centers on Hill and Barlow, a venerable Boston law firm that closed abruptly when its 
profitable real estate department announced it was leaving the firm. The third case centers on the flagship 
accounting firm Arthur Andersenthat went bankrupt after the Enron scandal of 2001. 
In my initial study of compromised work, (2) I chose these cases because they apparently represented 
three levels of analysis: Jayson Blair as an instance of compromised work by a single, flawed individual; 
Hill and Barlow as an instance of compromised work within a singleinstitution; and the Arthur Andersen--
Enron debacle as an instance of compromised work throughout a profession. My study revealed, however, 
surprising continuities across these three apparently distinct levels of analysis. In each case, I found I was 
studying individuals as well as institutions, and, indeed, an entire industry. Also to my surprise, I 
discovered that institutions held in high regard might be especially vulnerable to the insidious virus of 
compromised work; I hadexpected that such institutions harbored righting mechanisms that for some reason 
had failed to detect the of fending party. Finally, I expected that at least some instances of compromised 
work would be isolated and of relatively short duration. A far more complex and, to mymind, more 
troubling picture emerged--a picture that, moreover, reflects ominous trends in American society. 
In 1999, Jayson Blair, a young African American with a flair for writing, became a regular reporter for 
The New York Times. Even beforehis stint at the Times, Blair had been regarded by peers and supervisors 
with a combination of admiration and suspicion. There was no question that Blair wrote well, had a nose 
for important stories, was a gifted schrnoozer, and had impressed the governing powers at the college and 
community newspapers where he had worked. At the same time, observers wondered whether he in fact 
had exercised the due diligence that is expected of a reporter, and indeed, supervisors had detected ahighly 
unusual number of errors in his stories. While he had occasionally been admonished for carelessness, there 
had been few consequences. In fact, at the Times, Executive Editor Howell Raines and Managing Editor 
Gerald Boyd gave increasingly important assignments to Blair. 
When Blair was discovered to have plagiarized a story from the SanAntonio Express-News, he was 
immediately forced to resign. Then on May 11, 2003, in an unprecedented bout of self-examination, The 
New York Times devoted over four full pages to documentation of numerous cases of invention, 
plagiarism, and fraudulent expense and travel reports. Nor did the brouhaha over the Blair affair die down. 
Six weeks later, editors Raines and Boyd were forced to resign their posts, and the new editorial regime at 
the Times explicitly dissociated itself from the policies and practices of its predecessors. 
At first blush, Jayson Blair seemed to be an isolated case--a reporter who refused to play by the rules 
and who may well have been emotionally disturbed. And in fact, there is ample evidence that Blair was a 
troubled young man who should have been carefully scrutinized foryears. He was so unpopular at his 
college newspaper that he was relieved of his editorial position. When he was an intern at The Boston 
Globe in 1996-1997 and a freelancer there in 1998-1999, the sloppinessof his coverage was discussed. 
Shortly after he began to work full-time at the Times, Metropolitan Editor Jonathan Landman sent around a 
note that said, "We have got to stop Jayson from writing for the Times. Right now." Blair soon 
accumulated a record number of corrections and complaints about his coverage. His behavior aroused 
dislike and suspicion among many of his contemporaries. But despite ample warning signs, Raines and 
Boyd took him under their wings; he was praised andoffered ever-more important assignments. And, to the 
shame of the Times, the decisive discovery of plagiarism was made not by its own staff but by a reporter 
for a regional paper. 
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To be sure, Blair had been a bad egg whose misbehaviors were more flagrant than those of his 
contemporaries. But at least since publisher Arthur Sulzberger had appointed Raines as managing editor in 
2001,a strong set of explicit and implicit signals had been sent to the Times staff. Reporters were told they 
had to increase the "competitivemetabolism" of the news coverage. Those who wrote flashy, trendy stories 
were rewarded with promotions, special privileges, and ample front-page coverage. In contrast, reporters 
who took a more thoughtful, less sensational approach, who emphasized the journalistic precept 
ofcarefulness, found themselves increasingly marginalized. Nor was this new culture a secret: in a much-
discussed portrait of Raines that appeared in The New Yorker in June of 2002, the changing milieu at 
theTimes was detailed and critiqued. 
Had Jayson Blair been a truly isolated case, it is highly likely that the Sulzberger-Raines-Boyd 
managerial team would have survived intact and perhaps continued its questionably hectic pace and 
excessively dramatic bent. Once the Blair case broke, however, other heroes and casualties soon emerged. 
The most flagrant consequence was the abrupt resignation of star reporter Rick Bragg, who was accused of 
using unacknowledged stringers and of embellishing his lengthy and highly evocative stories. While Raines 
and Boyd fought to keep their positions, it was probably inevitable that sooner or later they would be 
squeezed out. The replacement appointment of Bill Keller, an individual widely considered a contrast in 
temperament and journalistic values, served as a sign that the Times was rejecting the go-go atmosphere of 
the previous few years. 
Under Raines and Boyd, the Times had been engaged in an example ofwhat I will call 'superficial 
alignment.' The editors were looking for young reporters who exemplified the pace and coverage they 
sought;the fact that Blair was African American was a bonus and, by the editors' own admission, caused 
them to cut him slack. For his part, Blair was keen at discerning what his editors desired; and, as befits an 
accomplished con man, he knew how to give the impression of good workand to cover his tracks. What 
both sides avoided in this pas de deuxwas a genuine alignment that honored the tried-and-true mission of 
journalism. Had Blair been subjected to a mentoring regime of tough love, he might have turned into a 
genuinely good reporter. And had he somehow slipped through an otherwise well-regulated training and 
supervision system, it is unlikely that the discovery of his misdeeds would have caused such turmoil in his 
company and, indeed, in the wider journalistic profession. 
During the second week of December of 2002, residents of Boston were astonished to learn that the 
prestigious law firm Hill and Barlow had closed down the previous weekend. The firm had been in 
existence for over a century, was esteemed in the community, and comprised in its legal ranks many 
prominent citizens, including at various times three governors of the Commonwealth. With their deep 
involvement in thecommunity--exemplified by their defense in the famous Sacco-Vanzetticase of the 
1920s--Hill and Barlow partners epitomized what legal scholar Anthony Kronman has called "lawyer 
statesmen." For outsiders, there was little reason to suspect any significant problems at Hill and Barlow--
and none whatsoever to prepare them for its sudden dissolution. 
A word about partnerships is in order here. Examination of about twelve hundred interviews in the 
eight domains considered in the GoodWork Project reveals that only lawyers speak regularly about 
partnerships. In part a financial arrangement, in part a social network, the partnership serves as the locus for 
daily activity, the attraction andsharing of clients, and the mechanism for services and payment. The 
transition from associate to partner is the legal equivalent of the attainment of tenure in the academy; and in 
many ways, partners behavelike members of a faculty. Young lawyers serve as associates until, assuming a 
good record and available slots, they are welcomed into the partnership, which is likely to be their home for 
the remainder of their professional lives. It goes without saying that the health and stability of the 
partnership is crucial for its constituent members, staff, and clients. 
Each partnership has an institutional culture, passed on both explicitly and implicitly from the older 
partners to the new members of the association. By all reports, the institutional culture of the Hilland 
Barlow of old stressed intellectual and legal excellence; community service, including the holding of 
elected or appointed office; and a willingness to earn somewhat less money than competitors, in return for a 
lifestyle that was more balanced and that went beyond the sheer number and rate of billable hours. (3) 
Outsider& initial reaction to the sudden closure of Hill and Barlow was shock. After all, this was a 
partnership that had been highly esteemed for decades. To observers and the media, it appeared that overly 
avaricious lawyers from the real estate division had issued a fait accompli to their bewildered colleagues, 
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thereby in one act destroying a distinguished New England law firm. The shock was compounded by the 
fact that the remaining partners did not even try to reconstitute the firm, but instead interpreted this mass 
exodus as a sign that the firm could no longer survive. 
Closer examination reveals that the problems went back many years,perhaps several decades. Through 
the middle of the twentieth century, Hill and Barlow did indeed have a deserved reputation as a firm of 
outstanding lawyer statesmen who not only were leaders in litigation and trusts, but who also stood out for 
their service to the community. Yet, on my analysis, this sterling reputation turns out to have been a mixed 
blessing. By the 1970s and 1980s, the situation in law had changed dramatically throughout the land. 
Whether lamented or not, the era of the lawyer statesman was over. Law firms were becoming much larger 
and more internationalized; corporate law divisions and the high-metabolism specialty of mergers and 
acquisitions were growing morerapidly than other spheres: many large corporations built up their own in-
house legal teams; and individual lawyers were becoming far more mobile, as opportunities to make very 
large salaries materialized for those who were willing to jump ship. 
None of these trends in itself necessitated a de-professionalization of the law. And indeed, many 
moderately sized law firms in New England and elsewhere took steps to modulate these trends: they 
increased in size or developed distinctive niches; they actively sought largecorporate clients; and they 
reconfigured salary schedules to reward those lawyers who brought in the most business. Perhaps most 
importantly, the more reflective firms realized that law was becoming more ofa business; they recruited or 
trained professional managers; they were sensitive to the clout of specific partners and divisions; they paid 
close attention to changing patterns of income and expenses; they established governance vehicles whereby 
the most important members consulted regularly about trends and how best to meet them; they favored 
frequent, open, frank communications about all matters that materially affected the firm; and they were 
prepared, when necessary and with regret, to retire or marginalize partners who could not in any 
demonstrable way contribute to the well-being of the firm. 
According to our interviews with former members of Hill and Barlow, the firm did not seriously 
undertake any of these measures. Memberscontinued to take pride in the history of the firm, and many 
continued to serve the community in various ways. But they did not work any longer as a firm of dedicated 
partners (epithets such as 'a hotel forlawyers' and 'university-style governance' were used by 
informants).Costs spiraled, but steps were not taken to increase income commensurately (or to lower costs, 
for example, by reducing the number of associates or moving to less luxurious quarters). Most damaging, 
the Infirm never was able to create a governance structure that was widelyrespected by its members and 
that could meet these various challenges. On my analysis, it was the combination of the inordinately 
successful real estate group, on the one hand, and the ensemble of dysfunctional governance structures, on 
the other, that made the firm's closure inevitable. 
I do not conclude that the Hill and Barlow partners necessarily compromised their practice of law per 
se. I do believe that both the real estate division, and the remaining partners who failed to deal decisively 
with the shifting terrain, undermined law as a profession. Inacting in their own self-interest, they 
contributed to the destruction of the accumulated wisdom, public service emphasis, and pluralistic view of 
legal practice that had once characterized Hill and Barlow.To the extent that law simply becomes a 
collection of free-agent practitioners, for sale to the highest bidder, or a set of employees of multinational 
corporations, it will indeed be a diminished profession. 
Accounting became a technical rather than back-of-the-envelope practice in the seventeenth and 
eighteenth centuries with the widespreaduse of double-entry bookkeeping and other financial and business 
innovations. With the rise of corporations a century ago, and the adventof increasingly complex taxation 
and investment policies, the role of the independent certified auditor gained steadily in importance. 
Particularly at times of crisis, such as the stock market collapses during the first two-thirds of the twentieth 
century, the public was reminded of the importance of the accounting professions. Perhaps to hisadvantage, 
the auditor was seen as a rather colorless individual whofollowed technical rules in the manner of the 
archetypical Dickensian clerk or Weberian bureaucrat. 
Within the profession and amongst those with close ties to the profession, there was keen awareness of 
crucial shifts that began in the1970s. The wall that had once separated auditors from the firms theywere 
monitoring had begun to crumble. Increasingly, personnel circulated between accounting firms and well-
heeled client firms. Accounting firms set up consulting branches that worked with client firms; over time 
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the amount of consulting business often equaled or even surpassed that dedicated to the monitoring of the 
books. In the go-go financial milieu of the 1980s and 1990s, as documented in our Good Work Project and 
many other sources, markets became increasingly dominant in many spheres of life. Indeed, at the end of 
the 1990s, I made a quip that turned out to be uncannily prophetic: "If markets come to control everything, 
in the end there will be only one profession--accounting. And that is because only the auditors will be able 
to tell us whether the books are on the level or have been cooked." 
But like most of the public, I was unprepared for the huge accounting scandals that captured the 
headlines at the start of the twenty-first century. Led by the renowned firm Arthur Andersen, all the 
majorfmns were shown to have abandoned their professional disinterestedness (or 'independence,' as it is 
referred to in the profession) in flagrant ways. It was no longer unusual for accountants to hold stock in, 
work for, or consult for the firms they were allegedly monitoring;and for their pan, firms went out of their 
way to provide lucrativework and extra perks for the supposedly independent auditors. 
The smoking gun was the relationship between energy giant Enron and the flagship professional 
services firm of Arthur Andersen. These firms met powerful sanctions: bankruptcy with possible jail terms 
for those high-level managers whose involvement crossed the line from compromised to frankly bad work. 
At the time of this writing, other major accounting firms like Ernst and Young and 
PricewaterhouseCoopers have also had to pay significant penalties; punitive new regulations and legislation 
have been put into place; and many other business firms--established ones like General Electric and Xerox, 
newer ones like Tyco, WorldCom, and Global Crossing--have undergone probes or have even dissolved. 
Mean-while, the tacit or demonstrable complicity of members of boards of directors has been amply 
documented, and the domain of accounting as a whole lies very much under suspicion, its standingas a 
profession open to strong challenge. 
The core value of the profession of public accounting is captured in the descriptor 'public.' Accountants 
receive training, licenses, and status commensurate thereto on the assumption that they will represent the 
public's interest in their review of the financial practicesof individuals or corporations. Should the books 
appear questionablein any way, it is the duty of the public accountant to raise questions to the responsible 
individual or corporation, and, if necessary, to refuse to certify that the accounts conform to generally 
accepted accounting principles. 
Whether one thinks of journalism, law, or accounting, it is tempting to posit a golden age--a time when 
professionals were professionals, and the vast majority exemplified the highest values of the domain. But 
the mixed reputation of lawyers and journalists over the decades reveals the superficiality of such an 
analysis. And when one examines the history of accounting in the United States in the twentieth century, 
one also discovers an oscillation between periods when auditors were under suspicion for questionable 
practices, and periods when corrective measures were installed and the prestige of the profession was 
restored. Indeed, such a swing of the pendulum can be seen in thehistory of Arthur Andersen. 
At the start of the twentieth century, like other accounting firms, Andersen carried out non-audit 
services. By the 1960s, it was possible to become an Andersen consultant without having worked as an 
auditor for the two prior years; and in 1973, a separate consulting arm of the firm had been set up. In the 
late 1970s, CEO Harvey Kapnick tried unsuccessfully to split the firm into two separate entities and was 
pressured to resign thereafter. During the 1980s, the consulting arm of the firm became increasingly 
powerful, and the lines between consulting and auditing blurred. By the late 1980s, the tension between the 
accounting and consulting arms was so acute that the two parts ofthe firm were in constant argument and 
occasionally in court. By 1999, Arthur Andersen had become the slowest growing of the Big Five 
accounting firms, and in 2000, the consulting arm, Accenture, finally became a wholly independent entity. 
As is now well known, Andersen had become the auditor for Enron. Widely touted as a model for a 
new kind of company for a new millennium, Enron trafficked in the selling of energy (especially gas) and 
energy futures. In 2000, it was, on paper, the seventh largest firm in the United States, with a book value of 
100 billion dollars. In 2001, the Enron bubble burst when it became clear that much of the corporation's 
alleged size, activity, and profitability was in fact fraudulent, the result of imaginative advertising and 
improper accounting. Andwhen Arthur Andersen began to shred its Enron documents, the fate ofthe firm 
was sealed in the eyes of the media, the general public, and, eventually, the legal system. 
EFTA00176575

Studies of the Andersen-Enron connection reveal that it had been deeply compromised for years. 
Enron was one of Andersen's largest clients; it paid a total of over fifty million dollars a year to Andersen's 
auditing, consulting, and tax divisions. Employees shuttled back and forth between the two companies with 
such ease and frequency that it was sometimes difficult to tell for which they were working; at least eighty 
former Andersen auditors were working for Enron. The supposed line between the company being audited 
and the auditors evaluating the books of that company had become so blurred that, in effect, itno longer 
existed. And yet it has proved difficult to demonstrate sheer illegality. This is both because the nature of 
Enron's business was so new and so convoluted, and because so much of the role of the auditor/accountant 
remains an issue of professional judgment rather than of sheer legality or illegality. 
In my view, the chief embodiment of compromised work in the accounting profession is the condition 
of wearing two hats--hats that inevitably pit key interests against one another. On the one hand, as 
representatives of the public, auditors and their umbrella organizations are supposed to remain at arm's 
length from the companies they monitor. On the other hand, the excitement and the monetary gains 
availablefor consulting prove irresistibly seductive for many auditors and their umbrella organizations. One 
cannot at the same time offer advice and feedback to companies while standing disinterestedly apart from 
their practices; in effect, one has become judge and litigant at the same time. 
In each of the cases discussed, the background history covered a much longer period than I had 
anticipated. Jayson Blair's case reflected larger-scale trends at the Times, dating back to the 1980s and 
exacerbated by the appointment of a new managerial regime in 2001; Hill and Barlow failed to recognize, 
let alone adapt to, forces that middle-sized law firms had been confronting for decades; and Arthur 
Andersen encountered longstanding tensions in the accounting profession regarding appropriate relations 
with clients. Nor are the cases restricted to the particular examples on which I happened to focus: Within 
journalism, similar scandals had occurred in recent years at The BostonGlobe, The Washington Post, USA 
Today, and The New Republic. Severaldozen major law firms in Boston and elsewhere had either closed 
dovmor were absorbed into larger and more profitable firms. In recent years, each of the Big Five 
accounting firms saw significant scandals; comparable 'multiple hats' problems arose in Europe and Asia: 
and compensatory legislation like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act caused turbulence in a great many American 
corporations. Whatever their usefulness for conceptualization and exposition, the three levels of analysis 
that I had selected turned out to be more closely related than I had expected. 
If the study of good work is in its early adolescence, then the examination of compromised work is in 
its infancy. Firm conclusions would be decidedly premature. And yet, given the importance of the problem, 
and its indissoluble links to issues of good work, a few summary comments are in order. 
Because persons and institutions can go bad for any number of reasons, isolated cases of compromised 
work cannot be prevented. What is susceptible to treatment is the soil in which compromised work is likely 
to arise and thrive. Our three cases and others that could have been treated suggest that superficial signs of 
alignment can in fact be the enemies of good work. Respected institutions like The New York Times, Hill 
and Barlow, and Arthur Andersen create in their members--and in the general public--the belief that these 
institutions are inherently good and above suspicion. Those assigned the job of surveillance internally or 
externally may become lax, and, accordingly, those who arc tempted to practice compromised work may 
find an unexpectedlypromising breeding ground. (In writing about the Jayson Blair case in The New 
Yorker of June 30, 2003, Elizabeth Kolbert said that this "paper of record" cannot afford to "check up" on 
its employees; it hasto assume they are trustworthy.) 
Indeed, these circumstances obtained in each of our three examples: Jayson Blair was on the make; 
Raines and Boyd wanted to remake the culture of the Times even at the cost of violating its most 
importantvalues. And while various alarm bells tolled, none sounded loudly enough or insistently enough 
to be heard. Despite the enviable reputation of Hill and Barlow, many lawyers left the partnership starting 
in the 1980s; the particular requests of the real estate group were not taken seriously enough; and attempts 
to address the issue of financial survival and partnership communication were undertaken too late andwith 
too little sense of urgency. Arthur Andersen had actually resisted temptations to enter the consulting world. 
But when it finally succumbed, it entered with a vengeance--and despite warnings about conflicts of 
interest. Spokespersons for the firm continued to enunciate the fundamentals of accounting, but too many 
partners and workers were trying to wear two incompatible hats. When the ambivalent Andersen 
encountered the swashbuckling Enron, a disaster was in the making. 
EFTA00176576

In each case, superficial features and blandishments obscured the central values of the domain. During 
the Blair-Raines period at the Times, scrupulous and fair reporting was sacrificed to the 
immediatelyaccessible and sexy. At Hill and Barlow, the norms of an effective partnership were 
undermined, as lawyers and entire departments went their own selfish way. And sometime in the last few 
decades, those responsible for the atmosphere of an accounting company forgot that it was supposed to be a 
public trust. Those on the inside should have seenthese problems and made loud noises, but efforts to right 
the culture were too weak and ineffective. And so in each case it took a dramatic event--Blaits plagiarism, 
the real estate department's exodus, the Enron meltdown--to reveal what should have been clearer to those 
onthe outside and clearest to those entrusted with preserving and embodying the values of the domain. 
What happens when such a critical point is reached? It is possible, of course, that the domain will 
continue to deteriorate, and may come to be replaced altogether. Newspaper editor Harold Evans has 
quipped, "The problem many organizations face is not to stay in business but to stay in journalism." The 
lawyer statesman no longer exists; it remains unclear whether he is being replaced by a viable option, or 
whether lawyers have just become high-priced free agents or cogs in a corporate legal machine. And if 
there are too many Enrons and Global Crossings, the Big Five will dwindle to Little Zero--and it is not 
clear whether the books will be monitored in the future by independent accountants, government officials, 
or private investigators. 
It is also possible that these professions will continue to survive but attract a different type of person 
with different kinds of values. With few exceptions, for example, broadcast television joumalismexists as 
entertainment rather than as news. Totalitarian countries have bookkeepers, but, as the old joke goes, they 
produce "whatever numbers you would like us to produce." And it is certainly possible tohave lawyer 
whores who sell their services to the highest bidder. Insuch cases, those who want to know what is really 
happening in the world, whether the books are really accurate, or whether they can get a fair trial, will no 
longer look to the members of the ascribed profession. 
One goal of the GoodWork Project is to help bring about a happier scenario. Professions will always 
feel pressures of one type or another, and, at the time of powerful market forces, these pressures can be 
decisive. The forces cannot be ignored; they must be dealt with--but they must not be succumbed to. Those 
individuals, institutions, andprofessions that actively cope with these forces while adhering to the central 
and irreplaceable values of the domain are most likely to survive and to thrive. 
How to do this? In our project, we speak of the four Ms that help to propagate good work (these were 
initially designed to address individuals, but they can be applied as well to institutions and even whole 
professions). The Ms seek answers to the following questions: Whatis the mission of our domain? What are 
the positive and negative models that we must keep in mind? When we look into the mirror as individual 
professionals, are we proud or embarrassed by what we see? And: When we hold up the mirror to our 
profession--or, indeed, our society--as a whole, are we proud or embarrassed by what we see? And, if 
thelatter, what are we prepared to do about it? 
I suggest that if the individuals and institutions described here had perennially posed these questions 
and tried to answer them in a serious, transparent way, they would not have become targets for our study. 
Howard Gardner is John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the 
Harvard Graduate School of Education. For the last decade, he has codirected the Good Work Project with 
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and William Damon. Gardner has been a Fellow of the American Academy since 
1995. 
[c] 2005 by the American Academy of fits & Sciences 
1 I thank Jeffrey Epstein for his support of these investigations. 
2 I thank Ryan Modri, Paula Marshall, and Deborah Freier for theirinvaluable research efforts. 
3 Technically, Hill and Barlow became a corporation in 1992. 
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Copyright 2005 Telegraph Group Limited 
All Rights Reserved 
The Daily Telegraph (LONDON) 
November 29. 2005 Tuesday 
SECTION: FEATURES; Science; Pg. 26 
LENGTH: 1091 words 
HEADLINE: A DIY guide to saving Planet Earth Human survival depends on problem fixing not 
avoidance - in particular learning how to cool down our planet, says David Deutsch 
BYLINE: David Deutsch 
BODY: 
Let's start with a couple of ideas that everyone knows. The first - dramatically named Spaceship Earth -
is that our planet is uniquely suited to us and our survival. The universe outside is implacably hostile; if we 
mess up our spaceship, we have nowhere else to go. The second is that, despite our traditional self-image, 
human beings are not the hub of existence: as Stephen Hawking famously put it, we're just a chemical scum 
on the surface of a typical planet in orbit around a typical star on the outskirts of a typical galaxy 
Everyone knows these things, yet they arc both false. In fact, if you were looking for a pair of truths so 
important that it's worth carving them on blocks of stone and reciting them every morning before breakfast, 
you could do a lot worse than to carve denials of those two ideas 
Are we at a typical place? Most places in the universe arc not on a planet, or even in a galaxy. Travel 
right outside the galaxy - say, 100,000 light years - and you still haven't reached a typical place. You will 
have to go about 1,000 times as far, into deep, intergalactic space, so remote that if the nearest star were to 
explode as a supernova, it would be too faint to see. It's also very cold, less than three degrees above 
absolute zero. And it's empty: less than one millionth the density of the highest vacuum that scientists can 
currently attain. 
That is how unlike Earth a typical location is. Yet the two are similar in one remarkable way. 
Take a telescope and gaze even further out than where we've just been, at a "quasar". That was 
originally short for "quasi-stellar object", meaning "it looks like a star". But we now know what it really is. 
Billions of years ago, and billions of light years away, the centre of some galaxy collapsed towards a super-
massive black hole. Intense magnetic fields directed some of the matter and gravitational energy of that 
collapse back out into intense jets, illuminating the surrounding gas with the brightness of a trillion suns. 
Billions of years later on the other side of the universe, a certain kind of chemical scum can accurately 
describe, model, predict and explain what those jets really are. One physical system, the human brain, 
contains an accurate working model of an utterly dissimilar one, a quasar. Not just a superficial image but 
an explanatory model embodying the same mathematical relationships and causal structure. That's 
knowledge. 
And if that weren't amazing enough, the faithfulness of this model is continually increasing. That's the 
growth of knowledge. So this chemical scum is different. It models, with ever-increasing precision, the 
structure of everything. Our planet, thanks to us, is a hub that contains within itself the structural and causal 
essence of the rest of physical reality. 
This doesn't require any special physics or miracle. Just matter and energy - and evidence, with which 
we chose between rival explanations of what is really out there. In intergalactic space, these three 
prerequisites are at their lowest ebb: it's empty, cold and dark. 
EFTA00176578

But imagine a solar-system-sized cube of intergalactic space. That cube still contains a million tons of 
matter. Which is more than enough, say, to build a fusion-powered space station complete with scientists 
who might be collecting evidence to create an open-ended stream of knowledge, just like us - if the right 
knowledge were there to start it off. 
Therefore we are not in a uniquely hospitable place either. If intergalactic space is capable of creating 
an open-ended stream of explanations, then so is almost anywhere. And the limiting factor, both there and 
here, is not physical resources but knowledge. 
The Astronomer Royal, Sir Martin Rees, has written a book about our vulnerability to scientific 
accidents, terrorism using weapons of mass destruction and other dangers: he thinks civilisation has only a 
50 per cent chance of surviving this century. But I believe our survival depends not on chance but on 
whether we can create the relevant knowledge in time. It always has depended on that, and always will. The 
vast majority of all species and all civilisations that have ever existed are now extinct. If we want to be the 
exception, our only hope is to harness the one feature that distinguishes our species and our civilisation 
from all others, namely our special relationship with the laws of physics: our ability to create new 
knowledge. 
Take global warming. According to the best available scientific theories, it is too late to avoid a global-
warming disaster. For if it's true that our best option is to suppress carbon-dioxide emissions with the Kyoto 
protocol at a cost of hundreds of billions of pounds, then that's already a disaster by any reasonable 
measure. 
And those measures aren't even purported to solve the problem, merely to postpone it a little. Most 
likely it was already too late before anyone even knew about it: in the 1970s, the best available science was 
telling us that industrial emissions were about to precipitate a new Ice Age that would kill billions. The 
lesson seems so clear that I am baffled that it does not inform public debate: it is that we cannot always 
know. 
No precautions, and no precautionary principle, can avoid problems that we do not yet foresee. 
Therefore, society needs to shift its stance from problem avoidance to problem fixing. The world is abuzz 
with plans to cut emissions at all costs. It ought to be buzzing with plans to cool the planet. Or to thrive on 
a wanner one. And not at all costs, but efficiently. Some such plans exist: swarms of mirrors in space that 
would deflect sunlight away from the Earth; encouraging aquatic organisms to eat more carbon dioxide, 
and so on. Such problem-fixing ideas, currently mere fringe research, ought to be at the heart of 
humankind's approach to an unknowable and dangerous future. The ability to put things right, not the 
impossible prescience needed to stave off all harm in advance, is our only hope of survival. 
So take those two stone tablets and carve the two denials I spoke of. On the first, carve: problems are 
inevitable. And on the second: problems are soluble. 
David Deutsch is a professor of physics at Oxford University. This month he won the $100,000 "Edge 
of Computation" prize, funded by the philanthropist Jeffrey Epstein, for his work on quantum computers. 
When he first proposed quantum computation in 1985, it seemed only a theoretical possibility. But the past 
decade has seen simple quantum computers that many believe will pave the way to a scientific revolution. 
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Copyright 2006 Associated Press 
All Rights Reserved 
The Associated Press State & Local Wire 
March 17, 2006 Friday 11:52 PM GMT 
SECTION: INTERNATIONAL NEWS 
LENGTH: 1513 words 
HEADLINE: A package of news briefs from the Caribbean 
BYLINE: By The Associated Press 
BODY: 
CARIBBEAN: Sugar producers in final push to get more EU aid 
GEORGETOWN, Guyana (AP) The Caribbean will send another team to several European capitals in 
a final push to get more aid for the region's sugar industry after large subsidy cuts were imposed in January, 
an official said Friday. 
Representatives from the African, Caribbean and Pacific trade group head to Europe in April, 
following a first group that went in early March seeking extra funds to deal with the EU's 36-percent cut in 
sugar subsidies. 
The EU for years gave its former colonies in the Caribbean, Africa and the Pacific preferential access 
to its markets and paid high prices to encourage development. The World Trade Organization said the 
regime was unfair and ordered the bloc to reduce quotas and prices for sugar, as well as for bananas and 
cotton. 
The EU has earmarked US$47 million ([#x20acJ40 million) in aid for the 18 sugar producing ACP 
countries in 2006. Caribbean sugar producers argue the reduced compensation is unfair because EU farmers 
who face the same subsidy cuts were to be compensated US$7.9 billion (t#x20ac]6.5 billion). 
Caribbean sugar producers include Guyana, Jamaica, Belize, Trinidad and Barbados. St. Kitts closed 
its industry after the cuts were first announced and because of rising production costs. 
ST. VINCENT: St. Vincent police find bullet that killed PM's press secretary 
KINGSTOWN, St. Vincent (AP) St. Vincent police have recovered the single bullet that killed the 
prime minister's press secretary and have sent it to another Caribbean island for analysis, an official said 
Friday. 
The bullet was found imbedded in a seat in Glen Jackson's sport utility vehicle, said Bertram Pompey, 
acting police commissioner, who declined to specify where the bullet was sent for testing. 
Jackson, whose nude body was discovered Feb. 6 in the SUV near his home in the Cane Garden area 
outside the capital, was Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves' press secretary. He played major roles in the 
governing Unity Labor Party's successful 2001 and 2005 elections campaigns and hosted a radio talk show 
program. 
Gonsalves has said two Scotland Yard specialists were expected to join three British investigators 
working with local authorities to investigate Jackson's death. Thousands of people turned out Wednesday 
for his funeral. 
About 118,000 people live in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, an island chain in the southeast 
Caribbean Sea. 
EFTA00176580

JAMAICA: Jamaican man charged with killing six family members 
KINGSTON, Jamaica (AP) A man has been charged with killing six family members, including four 
children, whose bodies were found along a beach in western Jamaica last month, police said Friday. 
Michael McLean, 38, was charged Thursday with six counts of murder, police said. 
McLean, the common-law husband of one of the victims, Terry-Anne Mohammed, 42, has been in 
custody since Feb. 28. He turned himself into police because he said he feared for his life after neighbors 
accused him of the murders. 
Mohammed's burnt corpse was found by police about a half-mile away from the mutilated body of her 
8-year-old son, Jessie Ogilvie. The bodies of Mohammed's niece, Farika IMNIcCool, 27, and two of 
her children were also found on the beach with their throats slashed. 
One week later, police say McLean led them to a nearby parish where MtvIcCool's 6-year-old 
daughter, Jhaid, was buried in a shallow grave. 
The slayings may be drug-related, said Arthur Martin, assistant commissioner of police. 
There were a record 1,669 homicides last year in Jamaica, which has recently received the help of 
Scotland Yard and London's Metropolitan Police to fight the crime wave. 
HAITI: New U.S. ambassador arrives, takes up post 
PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) The United States will provide support to Haiti and work with the 
country's recently elected government, the new U.S. ambassador said Friday. 
Janet A. Sanderson, former ambassador to Algeria, also has served at diplomatic missions in Egypt, 
Jordan, Israel, Kuwait and Bangladesh. 
"With the election of a new president, new perspectives now present themselves to Haiti," she said 
while presenting her credentials to the Haitian government. "Haitians are looking for a better life. And they 
are ready though impatient to work ardently to succeed." 
President 
W. Bush nominated the career diplomat to replace James Foley, who left Haiti late 
last year. 
The United States is one of the main donors to Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. 
GUYANA: U.S. diplomat lambasts drug trade, tells police to stop fraternizing with criminals 
GEORGETOWN, Guyana (AP) The drug trade is fueling a surge in violent crime and corruption in 
Guyana, and police must stop fraternizing with known drug traffickers, a U.S. official said Friday. 
The drug trade has grown from a trickle to a multimillion dollar business in the South American 
country, and communities are small enough for everyone to know who is involved in it, said Michael 
Thomas, the U.S. embassy's deputy chief of mission. 
"The public will not trust a police officer they see having lunch with a drug trafficker," said Thomas, 
who spoke at the end of an FBI-sponsored community policing training course. 
Drug trafficking accounts for an estimated 20 percent of the country's gross domestic product, the U.S. 
State Department said in its annual narcotics report released last week. Local media regularly report crimes 
that are believed to be related to drugs, the report said. 
Weak law enforcement has contributed to the problem, and U.S. federal agents believe anti-drugs 
agencies intercept a small amount of the cocaine that transits Guyana, the report said. 
PUERTO RICO: U.S. contractor gets 10-year sentence in education fraud case 
SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico (AP) A U.S. contractor was sentenced Friday to 10 years in prison for his 
role in a US$4.3 million ([ffx20ac]3.6 million) fraud scandal involving Puerto Rico's education department 
and its former chief. 
EFTA00176581

Norman Olson was convicted of four counts of bribery for paying more than USS73,000 
([#x20ac]60,400) in political favors as part of a scheme uncovered four years ago. 
Olson, president and owner of National School Services, a Chicago-based business that provides 
teacher training and education consultants, said he plans to appeal. 
"I respect the decision of this court even though I feel that I am innocent of these charges," Olson said 
following his sentencing. 
Olson was found guilty of paying bribes to Victor Fajardo, former education secretary from 1994 to 
2000, in exchange for contracts with the department between 1999 and 2000. 
Fajardo pleaded guilty in 2002 to extorting some USS4.3 million from contractors doing business with 
his agency. 
U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: Nobel Prize winning physicists debate universe structure in U.S. Virgin 
Islands 
CHARLOTTE AMALIE, U.S. Virgin Islands (AP) Twenty of the world's top physicists, including 
three Nobel Prize winners, are meeting in the U.S. Virgin Islands to debate the structure of the universe. 
Nobel prize winners Gerardus 't Hoeft, David Gross and Frank Wilczek, and experimental and 
theoretical physics pioneer Stephen Hawking are among the minds that have converged in the island of St. 
Thomas to discuss some of physics most puzzling questions, such as the existence of black holes and 
alternate dimensions. 
"This is a remarkable group, as far as the level of people who are here," said Wilczek, who won the 
2004 Nobel Prize in physics with Gross and H. David Politzer for their explanation of the force that binds 
particles inside the atomic nucleus. 
Jeffrey Epstein, a New York money manager whose J. Epstein Virgin Islands Foundation helped 
finance the six-day conference that began Thursday night, said the U.S. Caribbean territory's natural beauty 
will help the scientists relax and concentrate. 
"You work best with friends. The idea is to take them for a walk on the beach. Take them on a 
submarine ride," he said. "I think some really great ideas will come out of this." 
CRICKET: Solanki spurs England A to series-leveling win 
BRIDGETOWN, Barbados (AP) Captain Vikram Solanki spanked 92 as England A cruised to a series-
leveling 90-run triumph over West Indies A in their fourth one-day cricket international at Windward 
Cricket Club on Friday. 
The five-match rubber stood at 2-2 with the decider on Sunday at the same venue. 
Solanki, the Worcestershire right-hander, cracked nine fours off 121 balls to lead the visitors to a 
formidable 269 for nine off 50 oven. 
The home team limped to 179-9 off 50 oven in its pursuit. England fast bowler Sajid Mahmood 
engineered a top-order slide, claiming three for 33 while offspinner Gareth Batty took 3-26. 
Left-hander Ryan Hinds topscorcd for West Indies with a labored 32 off 70 balls. 
England A, batting first after winning the toss, stumbled early on as West Indies' new ball pair of 
Andrew Richardson and Tino Best reduced it to 15-2 in the fifth over. 
But Solanki and Jamie Dalrymple added 132 for the third wicket to tilt the balance back to their side. 
Dalrymple cracked four fours and three sixes in 62 off 75 balls before he was stumped trying to hit out 
at offspinner Omani Banks. 
LOAD-DATE: March 18, 2006 
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461 of 1456 DOCUMENTS 
Copyright 2004 SOFTLINE INFORMATION, INC. 
Ethnic NewsWatch 
Forward 
April 23, 2004 
SECTION: Vol. CVII; No. 31: Pg. 6 
SLI-ACC-NO: 0604FWDM 104 000012 
LENGTH: 936 words 
HEADLINE: Fund Helps Persecuted Scholars Reach Safe Havens 
BYLINE: Popper, Nathaniel 
BODY: 
In a seemingly different life, Ahmed Subhy Mansour was a scholar at 
Cairo's venerated AI-Azhar University. He studied the history of dictatorship 
in Islam and the place of death and paradise in the Koran. But some aspect of 
his research did not go over well with the authorities, and in 1987 he was 
fired from his position and jailed for two months. 
Since then he has searched for a place to continue his work and his life, 
particularly after a number of newspapers accused him of upholding Zionism, a 
crime punishable by death in Egypt. After 15 years of wandering, last year he 
finally found a new home -- as a research fellow at Harvard University. 
The match was made through the Scholar Rescue Fund, started two years ago 
by the Institute of International Education. Since it was created, the rescue 
fund has enabled Mansour and 44 other scholars to escape persecution in their 
home countries, and -- just as importantly for many of them -- to continue 
their scholarly work with a position at an American university. At Harvard, for 
example, Mansour has pushed ahead with the creation of a center for studying 
and reforming the Wahabi influence on Islamic institutions in America. 
The rescue fund is not the first such project run by the International 
Institute of Education, which also sponsors the Fulbright scholarship program. 
During the 1930s and 1940s, the institute's Emergency Committee in Aid of 
Displaced Foreign Scholars helped bring more than 330 scholars, most of them 
Jewish, from Nazi Germany to the United States, including such luminaries as 
philosopher Martin Buber, physicist Enrico Fermi and novelist Thomas Mann. 
Descendents of several of those earlier scholars, along with families of 
other Jewish refugees, gathered recently at the Park Avenue apartment of Jewish 
philanthropist Patti Kenner to raise money to help revive the rescue program. 
After cocktails, the crowd of about 100 guests retired to Kenner's warm living 
room to sit on plush couches among pastoral landscape paintings. Four recently 
rescued scholars had been brought in for the evening, and two of them told 
their respective tales of persecution in Iran and Pakistan, which seemed much 
more than a world away from the safety of the Upper East Side. 
"I've had such an easy life," Kenner said after hearing the scholars 
speak, with a tone of gratitude that was representative of her guests. "I've 
never experienced anything difficult. We're all so lucky." 
EFTA00176583

The fund is being revived at a time when many observers are talking about 
global antisemitism reaching its highest levels since the 1930s, when the last 
rescue program was in operation. In the program's current incarnation, though, 
none of the 45 scholars who have been rescued are Jewish. 
The one scholar so far whose work was connected to the Jewish community 
was a Palestinian scholar, who felt threatened by both Israeli and Palestinian 
officials for his work analyzing the policy of political assassinations. 
"He was advocating less violence on both sides, and it made him unpopular 
with a lot of people." according to Robert Quinn, director of the Scholar 
Rescue Fund. 
The rescue fund has little in the way of guaranteed funds to ensure its 
survival. The goal of the night was to raise 1 million for an endowed chair in 
the name of Ruth Gruber, a 93-year old photojournalist who was on hand to tell 
of her trip to Europe in 1944, when she helped rescue 1,000 Jewish refugees. 
The Gruber chair is part of a larger effort to create a 10 million 
endowment that is being leesefugee-turned-millionaire Henry Jarecki, along 
with fellow businessmen 
Soros, Thomas Russo and Jeffrey Epstein. 
While the roster of scholars who have been helped suggests that the 
Jewish funding for the program does not come out of a narrow ethnic 
self-interest, the scars of Jewish history were evident beneath the surface of 
the appeals for donations at Kennels apartment. 
The guest speaker for the night was Hanna Holborn Gray, who came over 
with her parents through the 1930s rescue program and went on to become the 
first female president of the University of Chicago. 
"In the 1930s, the German academic world was seen as a model, and one saw 
how quickly that could vanish," Gray recalled. 
Almost all of the 45 scholars funded in the last two years have hailed 
from either African or Muslim-majority countries. Many of them -- including 
Mansour and an Iranian scientist who spoke at Kennels home -- have been 
punished for the pro-Western and pro-Israel slant in their work. 
The fund's directors, however, have been astonished at the diversity of 
the 450 scholars from 84 countries who have applied so far. Many of the 
applicants come from far beyond the traditional disciplines of the humanities 
in which dissidents might be expected to work. 
The threat of bodily harm was a constant for most of the applicants, and 
Jarecki ominously remembered that many of the more than 5000 applicants who 
were turned down by the institute during the 1930s perished a few years later. 
A scholar from the Ivory Coast at Kennels gathering described his own 
situation -- being forced to hide in the countryside after teaching political 
science courses that were critical of the government -- as a re-emergence of 
darker periods from the past. 
"This is the same old story," the African scholar said. "It is the 
history of the universe. The history of power corrupting people." 
Article copyright Forward Newspaper, L.L.C. 
JOURNAL-CODE: FW 
LOAD-DATE: September 30, 2004 
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math--counting 
attitude--positive 
10 
9 
66.6 
60.0 
speech act 
9 
60.0 
space--size 
8 
53.3 
space--grasping 
7 
46.6 
sound--speech 
7 
46.6 
logic--universal 
7 
46.6 
quantification 
space--housing 
6 
40.0 
Table 2 Diverse schemes for story understanding 
domains 
Domain 
Representation/Reasoning 
Schemes 
space 
frame, generalized cylinder model, 
interval logic, occupancy grid 
time, action effects 
causal model, event calculus, 
situation calculus, transframc 
reactivity 
neural net, production system, 
subsumption architecture 
schemas, scripts 
finite automaton, frame, frame-
Array, generalized Petri net 
subgoaling 
first-order logic, K-line, marker 
passing, semantic net 
emotions, attitudes 
microneme, neural net, temporal 
modal logic 
** Trademark or registered trademark of Cycorp, Inc. 
Cited references and notes 
(1.) M. Minsky, The Emotion Machine, Pantheon, New York (forthcoming). Several chapters are on 
line at http://web.media.mit.edu/ minsky. 
(2.) The use of reading comprehension tests as a metric for evaluating story understanding systems 
was previously proposed in L. Hirschman, M. Light, E. Breck, and J. Burger, "Deep Read: A Reading 
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Linguistics, College Park, MD, June 1999, Association for Computational Linguistics (1999). 
(3.) J. McCarthy, "Programs with Common Sense," Proceedings of the Symposium on Mechanisation 
of Thought Processes, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1958), pp. 77-84. 
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(4.) J. McCarthy, "From Here to Human-Level Intelligence," Proceedings of the Fifth International 
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(24.) M. Minsky, The Society of Mind, Simon & Schuster, New York (1985). 
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