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ELIZABETH F. LOFTUS 
Distinguished Professor 
University of California, Irvine 
Tel: 
Fax: 
emai : 
web: http: soci eco ogy.uci.edu/faculty/eloftus/ 
EDUCATION 
B.A., with highest honors in Mathematics and Psychology, UCLA, 1966 
M.A., Psychology, Stanford University, 1967 
Ph.D., Psychology, Stanford University, 1970 
TEACHING EXPERIENCE 
Permanent 
Distinguished Professor, University of California, Irvine, 2002 — present 
Psychological Science, 2002-
Criminology, Law & Society, 2002 —
Cognitive Sciences, 2002-
Fellow, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2002-
Founding Director, Center for Psychology & Law, 2005 - 2012 
School of Law, 2007-
Affiliate Professor, Univ. of Washington, Psychology Dept and School of Law, 2002 - 2016. 
Assistant, Associate, Full Professor, University of Washington, 1973-2002 
Adjunct Professor of Law, University of Washington, 1984-2002 
Assistant Professor, The New School, Graduate Faculty, New York 1970-73 
Visiting 
Harvard University, Seminar on Law and Psychology, 1975-76 
National Judicial College, University of Nevada, 1975-87 (summers) 
Visiting Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, 1986 
HONORS AND AWARDS 
Honorary Degrees 
Doctor of Science, Miami University (Ohio), 1982 
Doctorate Honoris Causa, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1990 
Doctor of Laws, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 1994 
Doctor of Science, University of Portsmouth, England, 1998 
Doctor of Philosophy, Honoris Causa, University of Haifa, Israel, 2005 
Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Olso, Norway 2008 
Doctor of Social Sciences Honoris Causa, Goldsmiths College, University of London 2015 
Doctor of Science Honoris Causa, Australian National University, Dec. 2020 (invited) 
Honorary Societies 
Phi Beta Kappa, elected 1965 (President of University of Calif. - Irvine chapter, 2005-06). 
EXHIBIT A 
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Pi Mu Epsilon, National Mathematics Honorary, elected 1965 
Mortar Board, National Senior Women's Honorary, elected 1965 
Elected, Golden Key International Honour Society, honorary member, 2005 
Fellowships 
Office of Education Traineeship, Stanford University, 1966-69 
National Institute of Mental Health Fellowship, Stanford University, 1969-70 
American Council on Education Fellowship in Academic Administration, Harvard University, 1975-76 
Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, 1978-79 
Grants, Contracts, Research Funding 
National Institute of Mental Health, 1971-72; 1972-73; 1976-79 (Human Memory) 
U.S. Department of Transportation, 1974-76 (Human Memory) 
General Services Administration, 1974-75 (Communications--w/Keating) 
National Bureau of Standards, 1976-77; 1980-82 (Communications--w/Keating) 
National Science Foundation, 1978-85 (Human Memory) 
National Science Foundation, 1980-83 (Jury Behavior--w/Severance) 
National Science Foundation, 1983-85; (Hypnosis--w/Greene) 
National Institute of Mental Health, 1984-86; 1986-89;1989-92 (Memory) 
National Center for Health Services Research, 1986-88 (Survey Memory) 
National Science Foundation, 1986-88; 1988-91 (Jury Comprehension--w/Greene-Goodman) 
Fund for Research on Dispute Resolution, 1989-91 (Predictions of Success--w/Goodman) 
National Institute of Health, 1991-95 (Cognition & Health--w/Croyle) 
National Institute of Health, 1993-94 (Health/sex memory: subcontract from UCSF/Catania) 
Leverhulme Trust, Postevent info and erasing memories, 1997-1999 (w/ Dan Wright, Univ. of Bristol) 
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Travel Grant, 2006 
Grawemeyer Award Funding given to UCI, 2005-present. 
Newkirk Center for Science & Society, 2017-2019. 
Awards & Honors 
National Lecturer of Sigma Xi, 1978-80 
American Psychological Association nomination for the NSF Waterman Award for Outstanding 
Contributions to Science, 1977 and 1978 
National Media Award for Eyewitness Testimony (American Psychological Foundation, Distinguished 
Contribution, 1980) 
Greyhound Research Award, 1987-88 
Honorary Fellow, British Psychological Society, 1991 (includes lifetime membership) 
George E. Allen Professor, University of Richmond School of Law, 1995 
American Academy of Forensic Psychology, Distinguished Contributions to Forensic Psych Award, 1995 
American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology (AAAPP), Distinguished Contribution to 
Basic and Applied Scientific Psychology Award, 1996 
Association for Psychological Science, James McKeen Cattell Fellow ("For outstanding lifetime 
contributions to the area of applied psychological research"), 1997 
Oklahoma Scholar Leadership Enrichment Program Scholar 2001 
Association for Psychological Science, William James Fellow Award, 2001 ("For significant lifetime 
intellectual contributions to the basic science of psychology.") 
Quad L Award (for "outstanding life-long contributions to our understanding of learning or memory 
processes" University of New Mexico) 2002 
National Academy of Sciences: Henry & Bryna David Lectureship, 2002 (inaugural award, for 
"application of the best social and behavioral sciences research to public policy issues") Speech 
delivered at NAS (2002). Article selected for inclusion in: The Best American Science and Nature 
Writing, (2003) 
Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SSSS), Contributions to Sexual Science Award, 2002 
American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, elected Thorsten Sellin Fellow, 2003 
Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology, American Psychological Assn, 2003. 
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American Academy of Arts & Sciences, elected Fellow, 2003 
National Academy of Sciences, elected 2004. 
Grawemeyer Prize in Psychology (for "Outstanding Ideas in the Science of Psychology"), 2005 
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Corresponding Fellow (Scotland's National Academy of Science & Letters, 
Est 1783). 2005 
Distinguished Member of Psi Chi (The National Honor Society in Psychology), 2005 
Lauds & Laurels, Faculty Achievement Award, University of California- Irvine, (for "great professional 
prominence in their field" in research, teaching and public service; 9ih recipient in UCI history), 2005 
Ireland Distinguished Visiting Scholar Prize, 2006 
American Philosophical Society (U.S. oldest learned society, Est. 1745 by Benjamin Franklin), 2006 
International Academy of Humanism, elected Humanist Laureate, 2007 (for "outstanding contributions to 
science, law, and academic freedom, and to the public understanding of the human mind") 
McGovern Award Lecture, "honors outstanding behavioral scientists from around the world." American 
Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 2009 
Distinguished Contributions to Psychology and Law, American Psychology-Law Society, 2009. 
Joseph Priestley Award (for "achievement in the sciences"), Dickinson College, October, 2009. 
Howard Crosby Warren Medal, Society of Experimental Psychologists — Est. 1904, (for "significant 
contributions to the understanding of the phenomenology of human memory, especially its fragility and 
vulnerability to distortion") 2010 
American Association for the Advancement of Science Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility 
(for "the profound impact that your pioneering research on human memory has had on the 
administration of justice in the United States and abroad."), for year 2010, ceremony Feb, 2011 
Forensic Mental Health Assn of California, William T. Rossiter Award (for "exceptional global 
contribution to the field of forensic mental health"), 2012. 
University of California, Irvine Medal (for "exceptional contributions to the vision, mission, and spirit of 
UC Irvine") 2012 
Foundation for Critical Thinking, Bertrand Russell Scholar, 2013. 
Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology. American Psychological 
Foundation. (for "extraordinary contributions to our understanding of memory during the past 40 years 
that are remarkable for their creativity and impact") 2013. 
Cornell University: Law, Psychology & Human Development Lifetime Achievement Award ("In 
Recognition of a Distinguished Career of Pioneering Contributions in Legal Applications of 
Psychological Research"), 2015 
Isaac Asimov Science Award, American Humanist Association, 2016 
John Maddox Prize (for "promoting sound science and evidence on a matter of public interest, with 
perseverance and courage"), 2016 
Western Psychological Association, Lifetime Achievement Award ("in recognition of Outstanding Career 
Contributions to Research and Teaching", 2018 
Albert Wolters Distinguished Visiting Professor ("in recognition of her world-class contributions to 
cognitive psychology"), University of Reading, 2018 
Ulysses Medal, University College Dublin, Ireland ("the highest honor bestowed by UCD") 2018 
Lifetime Achievement Award for Psychology, Australian National University, (for "pioneering research 
on the science of human memory") 2019 
American Philosophical Society's Patrick Suppes Prize in Psychology, "in recognition of her 
demonstrations that memories are generally altered, false memories can be implanted, and the changes 
in law and therapy this knowledge has caused", 2020 
International Union of Psychological Science, Lifetime Career Award, (for "distinguished and enduring 
lifetime contributions to advancing knowledge in psychology.") 2021 
Other Public Honors & Recognition 
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP): "In Praise of Reason" 
Award, 1994 (Renamed: Committee for Skeptical Inquiry — C.S.I.) 
Sexual Sanity Award, Sexual Intelligence, 2001 
OC Metro magazine selection as one of the "Hottest 25 People in Orange County for 2002" 
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Listed in One Hundred Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th century. #58. Review of General 
Psychology, 2002. 
University of Portsmouth (England) endowed a prize for the best research dissertation in their MSc 
Program in Forensic Psychology, naming it The Elizabeth Loftus Award, 2004. 
"The false memory diet", "Most noteworthy ideas of 2005", New York Times Magazine, 2005. 
University of Klagenfurt, Student Scientific Board selection- "Nobel Prize in Psychology", Austria, 2005. 
Listed in Who's Who in America, Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Who's Who in American 
Education, Who's Who in Social Sciences Higher Education (WWSSHE), World Who's Who of 
Women, and various others. 
Bethschrift Redux: Research Inspired by the Work of Elizabeth F. Loftus Special Issue of Applied 
Cognitive Psychology, edited by M. Garry & H. Hayne, Vol. 20, 2006. 
Fellow, German Skeptics Organization, GWUP, elected 2018 
PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS 
Current: 
American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow; Board of Directors, 2013 - 2017) 
Association for Psychological Science (Formerly American Psychological Society; President 1998-99) 
Western Psychological Association (President, 1984; President 2004-2005) 
Psychonomic Society (Governing Board, 1990-1995) Lifetime Member 
Society of Experimental Psychologists, (1990 - ) 
British Psychological Society (1991, Lifetime Member) 
National Academy of Sciences, (2004 - ) 
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003 - ). 
Royal Society of Edinburgh (2005 — Lifetime Corresponding Fellow) 
American Philosophical Society (2006 - ) 
Past: 
American Psychological Association (Fellow-Div. 3, 35, 41; President, American Psychology-Law 
Society, Div. 41, 1985; President, Experimental Psychology Division, Div. 3, 1988) (1973-1996) 
Institute for the Study of the Trial (Board of Directors, 1979-81) 
Law and Society Association (1982-89) 
Eastern Psychological Assn, Elected Fellow 2011 
OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 
Member, Psychology Education Review Committee, 
Associate Editor, American Psychologist, 1990-94 
Editorial Board Member: 
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974-87 
Human Learning, 1980-86 
Social Cognition, 1981-92 
Law and Society Review, 1982-86 
Information and Behavior, 1983-90 
American Journal of Psychology, 1989-2008 
Justice Quarterly, 1984-95 
Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1985-99 
Applied Cognitive Psychology 1987-93 
(Special Editorial Advisor, 1993- ) 
Law and Human Behavior, 1980-2005 
National Institute of Mental Health. 1977-79 
Ethics and Behavior, 1989-91 
Forensic Reports, 1987-92 
The Forensic Echo, 1998-2000 
Psychology, Crime and Law, 1992-
Psych Science in the Public Interest, 1999-
Canadian Psychology 2001-
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2005 - 2017 
Internat. J of Psychology, Cons Ed, 2005 -12 
Experimental Psychology, 2008 -
Psychology of Consciousness 2012 — 
Memmy, Mind & Media, 2021 - 
Advisory Board Member: 
British Journal of Psychology, 1983-99(approx) 
Psychology Today, 1999-2003 
Skeptic Magazine (UK), 2009 — present 
Member, Council for Scientific Medicine, Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 1998-
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American Psychological Association committee work: 
Member, Communications Committee, 1975-76; Member, Magazine Task Force, 1975-76; 
Member, Finance Committee, 1976-78; Member, Comm. on Organization of APA, 1977-78; 
Commission on Organization, 1978-82; Council of Representatives, Div. 3, 1982-85; 
Executive Committee, Div. 41, 1981-85; Member, Ethics Committee, 1984; National 
Policy Studies Oversight Committee, 1986; Psychology Today, Board of Directors, 1987-88; 
Comm. on Division/APA Relations (CODAPAR), 1988-89, Public Information Comm. 1989-1992 
Task Force on Recovered Memories of Child Sexual Abuse, 1993-96 
Association for Psychological Science (Formerly American Psychological Society) Committee work: 
Fund for Advancement of Psychological Science, Board Member, 2003- . (Chair: Bequest 
Subcommittee). 
Cattell Award Committee, 2001-05 . 
Association for Advancement of Psychology (AAP), Board of Trustees, 1981-85 
Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences: 
Executive Committee, 1992-95 
National Academies: (inc. National Academy of Sciences) 
Committee on ELF Radiation, 1976-77 
Committee on Basic Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1980-82 
Committee on Use of Statistical Evidence in Court, 1982-85 
Committee on Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology, 1982-83 
Division of Behavioral & Social Sciences & Education (DBASSE) Executive Board, 2005 -2011 
National Academy of Sciences, Class Membership Committee, 2005, 2006,. 2007 
Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Physiological and 
Cognitive/Neural Science Research, 2007 - 08. 
Board on Human-Systems Integration, NRC, 2014- 2017 
Standing Committee on Advancing Science Communication Research and Practice 2018- present 
American Philosophical Society 
TNG for Psychology, 2006-08 
Social Sciences Research Council: 
Committee on Cognition and Surveys, 1985-90 
Bureau of National Affairs, Advisory Committee on Complex Litigation, 1987-1990 
Representative from University Faculty to State Legislature, 1976-78 
Advisory Comm., Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Univ. of Illinois, 1987-1992 
FMS Foundation Advisory Board, 1992-2019. 
NIMH Behavioral Sciences Task Force, 1993 
Sage Series on Counseling Women, Advisor, 1995-96 
Exploratorium, San Francisco's Science Museum, Advisor, 1990-91, 1996-98 
Brain.com Corporation, Scientific Advisory Board, 1999-2001 
Center on Wrongful Convictions, National Advisory Board, 2000-
NewKirk Center for Science & Society, Advisory Board, 2002-
International Institute of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health 
Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, (Affiliated faculty), Romania, 2003 - . 
Member, Board of Commissioners, American Judicature Society Commission on Forensic Science & 
Public Policy, 2005-2010. 
Sage Cognitive Psychology Program, Consulting Board Member, 2006-2008 
Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), Advisory Board, 2009-2015 
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), Executive Council, 2011- present. 
National Science Communication Institute, Board of Directors, 2011-2014. 
Consortium of Social Science Associations (COSSA), Board of Directors, 2012 - 2013 
GOVERNMENT AND OTHER CONSULTING 
General Services Administration, 1974-77 
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Federal Trade Commission, 1976-77 
Bay Area Rapid Transit, San Francisco, 1979 
U.S. Department of Justice (National Crime Survey), 1980 
Consultant for attorneys and other members of the legal profession in 34 US states, 
Canada, South Korea, Israel, Sweden, Japan, The Netherlands, Ireland, Scotland, Portugal 
Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1981 
Westin Hotels, AT&T, Schering-Plough, L.A. Gear, and other corporations 
Internal Revenue Service, 1984 
National Center for Health Statistics, 1985 
US Secret Service, 1986 
Unified Court System, NY., 1989-90 
Consultant to Canadian Government Officials re eyewitness testimony (Sophonow Inquiry), 2001 
Central Intelligence Agency, 2005 —2006. . 
Veterans Education Association, Academic Advisory Board Member, 2006 . 
Grawemeyer Award External Review Panel, 2008. 
PUBLICATIONS 
Books 
Mednick, S.A., Pollio, R. H. & Loftus, E.F. (1973). Learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 
• Japanese edition: Iwanami Shoten Publishers, Tokyo. 
Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1976) Human Memory: The Processing of Information. Hillsdale, NJ: 
Erlbaum Associates. 
• Japanese edition: University of Tokyo Press. 
Bourne, L.E., Dominowski, R. L., & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Cognitive Processes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 
Prentice-Hall. 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.(National Media 
Award, Distinguished Contribution, 1980). (Reissued with new Preface in 1996). 
• Japanese edition: Seishin Shobo, Tokyo. 
Loftus, E.F. (1980). Memory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (Reprinted by NY: Ardsley Press 1988). 
• Swedish edition: Liber Forlag, Stockholm.; Hebrew edition: Or Am, Tel-Aviv.; French edition: Le 
Jour, Editeur.; Spanish edition: Compania Editorial Continental.; Danish edition: Herron Publishers. 
Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1981). Psychology. New York: Random House (ICnopf). 
Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Essence of Statistics. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. 
Bootzin, R., Loftus, E., & Zajonc, R. (1983). Psychology Today (5th ed.). NY: Random House. 
Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1983). Mind at Play. New York: Basic Books. 
• Japanese edition: Companion Shuppan Ltd. 
Wells, G. & Loftus, E.F. (Flit) (1984). Eyewitness Testimony--Psychological perspectives. NY: 
Cambridge University Press. 
Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). Psychology (2nd ed.) NY: Random House (ICnopf). 
Bourne, L.E., Dominowski, R.L., Loftus, E.F., & Healy, A. (1986). Cognitive Processes. Englewood 
Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. 
Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J. (1987). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal. NY: Kluwer. 
Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Statistics. New York: Random House. 
Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Psychology (3rd ed.). NY: Random House (Knopf). 
Loftus, E.F. & Ketcham, K. (1991) Witness for the Defense; The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert 
Who Puts Memory on Trial NY: St. Martin's Press. 
•Chinese Translation: Taiwan: Business Weekly Publications 1999; Spanish Translation: Barcelona, 
Spain: Alba 2010 
Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1992) Psychology (4th ed.) NY: McGraw Hill. 
Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1992) Eyewitness Testimony - Civil and Criminal. Charlottesville, VA: The 
Michie Co. 
Loftus, E.F. & Ketcham, K. (1994) The Myth of Repressed Memory. NY: St. Martin's Press. 
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-Dutch edition: Graven in het geheugen, Amsterdam/Antwerpen: Uitgevedi L.J. Veen (1995) 
• German edition: Die Therapierte erinnerung. (translated by Ingrid Klein): Hamburg: Verlag 
GmbH. 
(1995). 
• French edition: Le syndrome des faux souvenirs. Collection Regard Critique: Editions Exergue, 
(1997). Bastei Lubbe Publishing. 
• Taiwanese Translation: Yuan Liou Publishing. 
• Japanese edition: Seishin Shobo Publishers (2000). 
-Korean edition: Dosol Publishing (2008) 
-French, second ed. (2012) Le syndrome des faux souvenirs. Paris: Editions Exergue. 
Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1997) Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Criminal, 3rd edition. Charlottesville, 
Va: Lexis Law Publishing. 
Wortman, C.B., Loftus, E.F., & Weaver, C. (1999) Psychology (5th edition). NY: McGraw Hill. 
Loftus, E.F., Doyle, J.M. & Dysart, J. (2007) Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Cr) z ) al, 4th edition. 
Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Law Publishing. (482 pages) 
Loftus, E.F., Doyle, J.M. & Dysart, J.L . (2013) Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Criminal, 5th edition. 
Charlottesville, Va: Leis Law Publishing. (447 pages) 
Loftus, E.F., Doyle, J.M. , Dysart, J. L, & Newirth, K.A. (2019) Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Cr'):)  al, 
6th edition. Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Law Publishing. (532 pages) 
Articles and Chapters 
1968 
Fishman, E.F. (Loftus), Keller, L., & Atkinson, R.C. (1968). Massed vs. distributed practice in 
computerized spelling drills. Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 290-296. 
• Reprinted in: R.C. Atkinson & H.A. Wilson (Eds.) (1969). Computer-Assisted Instruction: A Book of 
Readings. NY: Academic Press. 
1969 
Suppes, P., Loftus, E.F., & Jerman, M. (1969). Problem-solving on a computer-based Teletype. 
Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2, 1-15. 
• Reprinted in: E. Fishbein & E. Rasu (Eds.) (1971). Invatamintul Matenratic in Lurnea Contemporana. 
Bucharest: Editura Didactice si Pedagogica. 
1970 
Loftus, E.F. & Freedman, J.L. (1970). On predicting constrained associates from long-term memory. 
Bulletin of Psychonomic Society, 19, 357-358. 
Loftus, E.F., Freedman, J.L., & Loftus, G.R. (1970). Retrieval of words from subordinate and 
superordinate categories in semantic hierarchies. Bulletin of Psychonomic Science, 21, 235-236. 
Loftus, E.F. (1970). An analysis of the structural variables that determine problem solving difficulty on a 
computer-based Teletype. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University. Also, Institute for Mathematical 
Studies in the Social Sciences, Technical Report No. 126, December 18, 1970. 
1971 
Freedman, J.L. & Loftus, E.F. (1971). Retrieval of words from long-term memory. Journal of Verbal 
Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 107-115. 
Loftus, E.F. & Scheff, R.W. (1971). Categorization norms for fifty representative instances. Journal of 
Experimental Psychology Monograph, 91, 355-364. 
Loftus, E.F. (1971). Memory for intentions: The effect of presence of a cue and interpolated activity. 
Bulletin of Psychonomic Science, 23, 315-316. 
1972 
Loftus, E.F. & Suppes, P. (1972). Structural variables that determine problem-solving difficulty in 
computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 531-542. 
Loftus, E.F. & Freedman, J.L. (1972) Effect of category-name frequency on the speed of naming an 
instance of the category. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 343-347. 
Loftus, E.F. & Suppes, P. (1972). Structural variables that determine the speed of retrieving words from 
long-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 770-777. 
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Loftus, E.F. (1972). Nouns, adjectives and semantic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96, 
213-215. 
1973 
Loftus, E.F. (1973). Category dominance, instance dominance, and categorization time. Journal of 
Experimental Psychology, 97, 70-74. 
Loftus, E.F. & Grober, E.H. (1973). Retrieval from semantic memory by young children. Developmental 
Psychology, 8, 310. 
Loftus, E.F. (1973). Activation of semantic memory. American Journal of Psychology, 86, 331-337. 
Loftus, E.F. (1973). Teaching young children how to use a computer-based Teletype as a desk calculator. 
Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation, 5, 204-208. 
1974 
Loftus, E.F. & Bolton, M. (1974). Retrieval of superordinates and subordinates. Journal of Experimental 
Psychology, 102, 121-124. 
Loftus, E.F. & Loftus, G.R. (1974). Changes in memory structure and retrieval over the course of 
instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 315-318. 
Grober, E.H. & Loftus, E.F. (1974). Semantic memory: Searching for attributes versus searching for 
names. Memory and Cognition, 2, 413-416. 
Loftus, E.F. & Keating, J.P. (1974, November). The psychology of emergency communications. 
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fire Safety in High Rise Buildings. 
Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1974). The influence of one memory retrieval on a subsequent retrieval. 
Memory and Cognition, 2, 467-471. 
Loftus, E.F. (1974). On reading the fine print. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 324. 
Freedman, J.L. & Loftus, E.F. (1974). Retrieval of words from well-learned sets. Journal of Experimental 
Psychology, 102, 1085-1091. 
Loftus, E.F. & Cole, W. (1974). Retrieving attribute and name information from semantic memory. 
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 1116-1122. 
Loftus, E.F., Wiksten, S., & Abelson, R.P. (1974). Using semantic memory to find versus create a word. 
Memory and Cognition, 3, 479-483. 
Loftus, E.F. & Palmer, J.C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the inter-
action between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589. 
• Reprinted in: Neisser, U. (Ed.) (1982) Memory Observed. San Francisco: Freeman. 
Peter E. Morris & M. Conway (Eds.) (1993) The International Library of Critical Writings in 
Psychology: Memory. NY: Academic Press. 
Loftus, E.F., Senders, J.W., & Turkletaub, S. (1974). The retrieval of phonetically similar and dissimilar 
category members. American Journal of Psychology, 87, 57-63. 
Loftus, E.F. (1974). Reconstructing memory: The incredible eyewitness. Psychology Today, 8, 116-119. 
Reprinted in: 
Jurimetrics Journal, 15, 1975, p188-193.; The Cincinnati Post, January 21, 1975; Annual Editions: 
Readings in Psychology 75/76. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1975; Student Lawyer, 3, 
1975, 38-51.; Psychologie Heute, April, 1975; N.W. Peralta (Ed.) (1975). Personal awareness in 
business: Readings, problems, and activities. Chicago: Institute of Financial Education; Police Officers 
Journal, 1976.; J.R. Snortum & I. Hadar (Ms.) (1977). Criminal justice: The actors and the action. 
Pacific Palisades, CA: Palisades Publishers; P. Chance & T.G. Harris (1990) The Best of Psychology 
Today. New York: McGraw Hill. 
Loftus, E.F. (1974). Review of Lindsay and Norman's Human Information Processing. Journal of 
Psycholinguistic Research, 3, 180-184. 
1975 
Loftus, E.F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560-572. 
• Reprinted in: Notable Selections in Psychology, 2nd Ed., Pettijohn, T. F., Ed. (1996) Madison, WI: 
Dushkin Publishing. 
• Reprinted in part in: Hock, R. R. (1999) Forty Studies that Changed Psychology. Upper Saddle River, 
NJ: Prentice Hall, 115-123. 
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Collins, A.M. & Loftus, E.F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological 
Review, 82, 407-428. 
Loftus, E.F. & Zanni, G. (1975). Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question. 
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 86-88. 
Keating, J.P. & Loftus, E.F. (1975). People care in fire emergencies--psychological aspects.. Boston, Ma: 
Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Technical Report 75-4, p 1-12. . 
Loftus, E.F., Altman D., & Geballe, R. (1975). Effects of questioning upon a witness's later recollections. 
Journal of Police Science and Administration, 3, 162-165. 
Loftus, E.F. (1975). Retrieval from semantic memory: Some data and a model. In T. Storer & D. Winter 
(Eds.), Formal aspects of cognitive processes [Volume 22 of G. Goos & J. Hartman (Eds.), Lecture 
notes in computer science]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 
Loftus, E.F. (1975). Spreading activation within semantic categories. Journal of Experimental 
Psychology: General, 104, 234-240. 
Kasprzyk, D., Montano, D.E., & Loftus, E.F. (1975). Effect of leading questions on juror's verdicts. 
Jurimetrics Journal, 16, 48-51. (American Bar Association Journal devoted to science and the law). 
Loftus, E.F. (1975, April 4). Eyewitness testimony: Does the malleable human memory interfere with 
legal justice? The Daily, University of Washington. 
• Reprinted in: Social Action and the Law, Newsletter, 2, 5-9. 
Loftus, E.F. (1975, October). Eyewitness. Puget Soundings, pp. 32-37. 
Loftus, E.F. (1975). Review of Norman & Rumelhart's Explorations In Cognition. American Journal of 
Psychology, 88, 691-694. 
1976 
Loftus, E.F. (1976). Federal regulations: Make the punishment fit the crime. Science, 191, 521 [Lead 
editorial]. 
Loftus, E.F. (1976). Organization et recuperation de ]'information sur les attribute et les noms 
Organization and retrieval of attribute and name information]. In S. Ehrlich and E. Tulving (Eds.), La 
memoire senumtique. Bulletin de Psychologie, 69-75. 
Loftus, E.F. (1976). Unconscious transference in eyewitness identification. Law and Psychology Review, 
2, 93-98. 
Miller, D.G. & Loftus, E.F. (1976). Influencing memory for people and their actions. Bulletin of the 
Psychonomic Society, 7, 9-11. 
1977 
Loftus, E.F. (1977). Shifting human color memory. Memory and Cognition, 5, 696-699. 
Keating, J.P. & Loftus, E.F. (1977). Vocal alarm system for high-rise buildings--a case study. Mass 
Emergencies, 2, 25-34. 
Loftus, E.F. (1977). Show to catch a zebra in semantic memory. In R. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.), 
Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward An Ecological Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 
Loftus, E.F. (1977). Follies of affirmative action. Society, 13, 21-24. 
Loftus, E.F. (1977). Eyewitness reports: Psychological factors and expert testimony. in Psychology and 
the litigation process. Toronto, Canada: Law Society of Upper Canada. 
Loftus, E.F. & Cole, W. (1977). A century of thought [A review of Meyer, R. E., Thinking and problem 
solving. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman & Co., 1977]. Contemporary Psychology, 22, 691-692. 
1978 
Loftus, E.F., Miller, D.G., & Burns, H.J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual 
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19-31. 
• Reprinted in: 
Gross, R.D. (1990) Key Studies in Psychology. London: Hodder & Stoughton Publishers. 
Shanks, D. (1997). Human Memory: A reader. London: Arnold (NY: St. Martin's Press). p. 91-107. 
Balota, D.A. & Marsh, E. J. (2004) Cognitive Psychology: Key Readings. NY: Psychology Press. p 
309-320 
Dale, P.S., Loftus, E.F., & Rathbun, L. (1978). The influence of the form of the question on the 
eyewitness testimony of preschool children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7, 269-277. 
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Groner, N., Keating, J.P., & Loftus, E.F. (1978). Development of coded emergency alarms through word-
association tasks. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 139-140. 
Loftus, E.F. (1978). Memory. In G. Lindzey, C. Hall, & R.F. Thompson, Psychology. NY: Worth 
Publishers. 
Groner, N.E., Loftus, E.F., & Keating, J.C. (1978). Calling nurse blaze: Tailoring programs to fit human 
behavior. Hospitals, 52 (Journal of the American Hospital Association), 111-115. 
Siegel, J.M. & Loftus, E.F. (1978). Impact of anxiety and life stress on eyewitness testimony. Bulletin of 
the Psychonomic Society, 12, 479-480. 
Fishman, D.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1978). Expert testimony on eyewitness identification. Law and Psychology 
Review, 4, 87-103. 
Hastie, R., Lansman, R., & Loftus, E.F. (1978). Eyewitness testimony: The dangers of guessing. 
Jurimetrics Journal, 19, 1-8. 
Loftus, E.F. (1978). Three forms of impaired memories. (A review of A.R. Luria, The Neuropsychology 
of Memory. Washington, DC: V.H. Winston & Sons, 1976). Contemporary Psychology, 23, 1-2. 
MacLeod, C.M. & Loftus, E.F. (1978). Memories are made of this... (A review of C.N. Cofer (Ed.), The 
Structure of Human Memory. San Francisco: Freeman, 1976). Contemporary Psychology, 23, 70-71. 
Loftus, E.F. (1978). Review of J. Tough. The Development of Meaning. (Bristol, UK: John Wright & 
Sons, Ltd. Also, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977). Modern Language Journal, LXII, 80-81. 
1979 
Loftus, E.F. & Fries, J.F. (1979). Informed consent may be hazardous to your health. Science, 204, 11, 
(lead editorial). Reprinted several times. (Reply: Science, 1979, 205, 644-647). 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). The malleability of human memory. American Scientist, 67, 312-320. Reprinted 
several times. 
Powers, P.A., Andriks, J.L., & Loftus, E.F. (1979). The eyewitness accounts of females and males. 
Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 339-347. 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). Reactions to blatantly contradictory information. Memory and Cognition, 7, 368-374. 
Fries, J.F. & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Informed consent: Right or rite? Ca-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 
29,316-318. 
Gentner, D. & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Integration of verbal and visual information as evidenced by 
distortions in picture memory. American Journal of Psychology, 92, 363-375. 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). Insurance advertising and jury awards. American Bar Association Journal, 65, 68-70. 
Cole, W.G. & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Incorporating new information into memory. American Journal of 
Psychology, 92, 413-425. 
Hilgard, E. & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Effective interrogation of the eyewitness. International Journal of 
Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 342-357. 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). Words that could save your life. Psychology Today, 13, 102-110, 136-137. 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). Eyewitness reliability. Review of The Psychology of Person Identification by B.R. 
Clifford & R. Bull. Science, 205, 386-387. 
Loftus, E.F. (1979). Review of Social Psychology in Court by M. Saks & R. Hastie, Clinical Law 
Reporter, 3, 31-33. 
1980 
Loftus, E.F. & Monahan, J. (1980). Trial by data: Psychological research as legal evidence. American 
Psychologist, 35, 270-283. 
Loftus, E.F. (1980). Impact of expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness 
identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 9-15. 
Loftus, E.F. (1980). Alcohol, marijuana and memory. Psychology Today, 13, 42-56, 92. 
Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1980). Visual perception: The shifting domain of discourse. The Behavioral 
and Brain Sciences, 3, 391-392. 
Loftus, E.F. (1980). Psychological aspects of courtroom testimony. In F. Wright, C. Bahn, & R.W. Rieber 
(Eds.), Forensic psychology and psychiatry. NY: New York Academy of Sciences. P 27-37. 
Loftus, E.F. & Loftus, G.R. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. 
American Psychologist, 35, 409-420. 
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--Reprinted in: Honeck, R.P. (Ed) (1994) Introductory readings for Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed. 
Guilford, Cr: Dushkin Publishing Group Inc., Chapter 12, p 1136-130 
Loftus, E.F. (1980). The eyewitness on trial. Trial, 1980, 16, 30-35, 80-81. Expanded version in J. Taylor 
(Ed.), Recent Developments in the Law of Evidence. Vancouver: Butterworths. 
Loftus, E.F. (1980). Language and memories in the judicial system. In R. Shuy & A. Shnukal (Eds.), 
Language use and the uses of language (pp. 257-268). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 
Loftus, E.F., Greene, E., & Smith, K.H. (1980). How deep is the meaning of life? Bulletin of the 
Psychonomic Society, 15, 282-284. 
Loftus, E.F. & Greene, E. (1980). Warning: Even memory for faces may be contagious. Law and Human 
Behavior, 4, 323-334. 
Greene, E., Manber, M., & Loftus, E.F. (1980). Witnesses to fires. In Fire-related Human Behavior. 
Washington, DC: Open Learning Fire Service Program. 
Loftus, E.F. & Greene, E. (1980). Review of The Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony by A.D. Yarmey. 
The Free Press, 1979. Journal of Criminal Justice, 4, 264-266. 
1981 
Loftus, E.F. (1981). Reconstructive memory processes in eyewitness testimony. In B.D. Sales (Ed.), The 
trial process (pp. 115-144). NY: Plenum Press. 
Greene, E. & Loftus, E.F. (1981) Distortions in eye witness memory. Directions in Psychology. Piscatay, 
NJ: Pro Scientia. 
Loftus, E.F. & Scott, G.R. (1981). Memory, Yearbook of Science and Technology. NY: McGraw Hill. 
Keating, J.P. & Loftus, E.F. (1981). The logic of fire escape. Psychology Today, 15, 14-19. 
Loftus, E.F. (1981). Natural and unnatural cognition. Cognition, 10, 193-196. 
Loftus, E.F. (1981). Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Research and Legal Thought. In M. Tonry & 
N. Morris (FAc.), Crime and justice--An annual review of research (Vol. III, pp. 105-151). Chicago: 
University of Chicago Press. 
Loftus, E.F. (1981). Mentalmorphosis: Alterations in memory produced by the mental bonding of new 
information to old. In J.B. Long and A.D. Baddeley (FAc.), Attention and performance, IX. Hillsdale, 
NJ: Erlbaum. 
Loftus, E.F. (1981). Hear ye, hear ye. (Review of Atkinson, J.M. & Drew, P. Order in Court: The 
Organization of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1979). 
Contemporary Psychology, 26, 141-142. 
Greene, E. & Loftus, E.F. (1981). The person-perceiver as information-processor. [Review of Hastie et al. 
(Eds.)), Person Memory. Erlbaum, 1980). Contemporary Psychology, 26, 343-345. 
1982 
Monahan, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). The psychology of law. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 441-475. 
Loftus, E.F. (1982). Remembering recent experiences. In L.S. Cermak (Ed.), Human Memory and 
Amnesia. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 
Penrod, S., Loftus, E., & Winkler, J. (1982). The reliability of eyewitness testimony. A psychological 
perspective. In R. Bray and N. Kerr (Eds.), The Psychology of the Courtroom. NY: Academic Press. 
Greene, E., Flynn, M.S., & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of 
Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 207-219. 
Loftus, E.F. (1982). Memory and its distortions. In A.G. Kraut (Ed.), G. Stanley Hall Lectures (pp. 123-
154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Assn. 
Loftus, E.F. & Hall, D.F. (1982). Memory changes in eyewitness accounts. In A. Trankell (Ed.), 
Reconstructing the Past (pp. 189-203). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Sons. 
Deffenbacher, K.A. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Do jurors share a common understanding concerning 
eyewitness behavior? Law and Human Behavior, 6, 15-30. 
Loftus, E.F. (1982). Interrogating eyewitnesses--good questions and bad. In R.M. Hogarth (Ed.), New 
directions for methodology of social and behavioral science: Question framing and response 
consistency (pp. 51-63). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 
Severance, L.J. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Improving jurors' abilities to comprehend and apply criminal jury 
instructions. Law and Society Review, 17, 153-197. 
11 
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Loftus, E.F. & Bums, T.E. (1982). Mental shock can produce retrograde amnesia. Memory and Cognition, 
10,318-323. 
Loftus, E.F. & Severance, L.J. (1982). Improving jury instructions. Washington State Bar Journal, July, 
16-19. 
Greene, E. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Eyewitness testimony: Constructive processes in human memory. In 
Advances in Psychology (Vol.1). Villanova, PA: ProScientia, Inc. 
Loftus, E.F. & Beach, L.R. (1982). Human inference and judgment: Is the glass half empty or half full? 
Stanford Law Review, 34, 901-918. 
1983 
Loftus, E.F. (1983). Misfortunes of memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. London, 
302,413-421. 
Loftus, E.F. (1983). Silence is not golden. American Psychologist, 38, 564-572. 
Loftus, E.F. (1983). Whose shadow is crooked? American Psychologist, 38, 576-577. 
Loftus, E.F. & Marburger, W. (1983). Since the eruption of Mt. St. Helens, did anyone beat you up? 
Improving the accuracy of retrospective reports with landmark events. Memory and Cognition, 
11, 114-120. 
Loftus, E.F., Manber, M., & Keating, J.P. (1983). Recollection of naturalistic events: Context 
enhancement versus negative cueing. Human Learning, 2, 83-92. 
Loftus, E.F., Ketcham, K.E. (1983). The malleability of eyewitness accounts. In S.M.A. Lloyd-Bostock & 
B.R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating Witness Evidence (pp. 157-172). London: Wiley. 
Loftus, E.F. (1983). Memory. The World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 13, pp. 318-320). Chicago: World 
Book, Inc. 
Keating, J.P., Loftus, E.F., & Manber, M. (1983). Emergency evaluations during fires: Psychological 
considerations. In R.F. Kidd & M. J. Saks (Eds.), Advances in Applied Social Psychology (Vol 2. pp. 83-
99). Hillsdale: Erlbaum. 
Loftus, E.F., Goodman, J., & Nagatkin, C. (1983). Examining witnesses--good advice and bad. in R.J. 
Matlon & R.J. Crawford (Eds.), Communication Strategies in the Practice of Lawyering (pp. 292-317). 
Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association. 
Loftus, E.F. & Greene, E. (1983). Review of "Reconstructing reality in the courtroom." Journal of 
Criminal Law and Criminology, 74, 315-328. 
1984 
Hall, D.F. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). The fate of memory: Discoverable or doomed? In N. Butters & L. 
Squire (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Memory (pp. 25-32). NY: Guilford Press. 
Greene, E. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). What's new in the news? The influence of well publicized news events 
on psychological research and courtroom trials. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 211-221. 
Severance, L.J. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Improving criminal justice: Making jury instructions 
understandable for American jurors. International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, 97-119. 
Loftus, E.F., Loftus, G.R., & Hunt, E.B. (1984). Broadbent's Maltese cross memory model: Something 
old, something new, something borrowed, something missing. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 
73-74. 
Severance, L., Greene, E., & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Toward criminal jury instructions that jurors can 
understand. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 75, 198-233. 
Loftus, E.F. & Davies, G.M. (1984). Distortions in the memory of children. Journal of Social Issues, 40, 
51-67. 
Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Social science looks at witness examination. Trial, 20, 52-57. 
Loftus, E.F. (1984). Eyewitnesses: Essential but unreliable. Psychology Today, 18 (Feb.), 22-26. 
Wells, G.L. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Eyewitness research: Then and now. In G.L. Wells & E.F. Loftus 
(Eds.), Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 1-11). NY: Cambridge University Press. 
Hall, D.F., Loftus, E.F., & Tousignant, J.P. (1984). Post-event information and changes in recollection for 
a natural event. In G.L. Wells & E.F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives 
(pp. 124-141). NY: Cambridge University Press. 
Loftus, E.F. (1984). Expert testimony on the eyewitness. In G.L. Wells & E.F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness 
Testimony: Psychological Perspectives. NY: Cambridge University Press, 273-282. 
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Loftus, E.F. & Yuille, J.C. (1984). Departures from reality in human perception and memory. In W. 
Weingartner & E.S. Parker (Eds.), Human Memory Consolidation: Toward a Psychobiology of 
Cognition (pp. 163-183). Hillsdale: Erlbaum. 
Fathi, D., Schooler, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Moving survey problems into the Cognitive Psychology 
Laboratory. Proceedings of the Survey Research Section. Washington, DC: American Statistical 
Association, 19-21. 
Loftus, E.F., Keating, J.P., & Manber, M. (1984). Communicating with people during emergencies. In L. 
Sproull & P. Larkey (Eds.), Information Processing in Organizations (pp. 33-44). Greenwich, CO: JAI 
Publishing. 
Wilson, L. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Now you will remember everything. Contemporary Psychology, 29, 
462-463. 
Loftus, E.F. & Greene, E. (1984). Twelve angry people: The collective mind of the jury. Columbia Law 
Review, 84, 1425-1434. 
Hall, D.E. & Loftus, E.F. (1984). Research on eyewitness testimony: Recent advances and current 
controversy. In D.J. Muller, D.E. Blackman, & A.J. Chapman (Eds.), Psychology and Law, (pp. 199-
213). London: Wiley. 
Loftus, E.F. & Schooler, J.W. (1984). Recoding processes in memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 
246-247. 
1985 
Loftus, E.F., Fienberg, S.E., & Tanur, J.M. (1985). Cognitive psychology meets the national survey. 
American Psychologist, 40, 175-180. 
Loftus, E.F., Schooler, J.W., & Wagenaar, W.A. (1985). The fate of memory. Comment on McCloskey & 
Zaragoza. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 375-380. 
Loftus, E.F., Schooler, J.W., Loftus, G.R., & Glauber, D.T. (1985). Memory for events occurring under 
anesthesia. Acta Psychologica, 59, 123-128. 
Loftus, E.F. & Fathi, D. (1985). Retrieving multiple autobiographical memories, Social Cognition, 3, 280-
295. 
Greene, E. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). When crimes are joined at trial. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 171-186. 
Ward, R.A. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). Eyewitness performance in different psychological types. Journal of 
General Psychology, 112, 191-200. 
Loftus, E.F. (1985). To file, perchance to cheat. Psychology Today, 19, 34-39. 
Hall, D.F. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). Recent advances in research on eyewitness testimony. In C.P. Ewing 
(Ed.), Psychology, Psychiatry and the Law: A Clinical and Forensic Handbook (pp. 417-439). Sarasota, 
FL: Professional Resource Exchange. 
Loftus, E.F. & Goodman, J. (1985). Questioning witnesses. In S. Kassin & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), The 
Psychology of Evidence and Courtroom Procedure (pp. 253-279). Beverly Hills: Sage. 
Greene, E., Schooler, J.W., & Loftus, E.F. (1985). Expert testimony. In S. Kassin & L. Wrightsman 
(Eds.), The Psychology of Evidence and Courtroom Procedure (pp. 201-228). Beverly Hills: Sage. 
Fienberg, S.E., Loftus, E.F., & Tanur, J.M. (1985). Cognitive aspects of health survey methodology. 
Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 63, 547-564. 
Fienberg, S.E., Loftus, E.F., & Tanur, J.M. (1985). Recalling pain and other symptoms. Millbank 
Memorial Fund Quarterly, 63, 582-597. 
Fienberg, S.E., Loftus, E.F., & Tanur, J.M. (1985). Cognitive aspects of health surveys for public 
information and policy. Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 63, 598-614. 
Goodman, J., Greene, E., & Loftus, E.F. (1985). What confuses jurors in complex cases. Trial, 
November, 65-74. 
Bell, B.E. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). Vivid persuasion in the courtroom. Journal of Personality Assessment, 
49, 659-664. 
Camper, P.M. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). The role of psychologists as expert witnesses: No more Daniels in 
the lions' den. Law and Psychology Review, 9, 1-13. 
Loftus, E.F. & Schooler, J.W. (1985). Information-Processing Conceptualizations of Human Cognition: 
Past, present, and future. In B.D. Ruben (Ed.), Information and Behavior (Vol. I, pp. 225-250). New 
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. 
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1986 
Schooler, J.W., Gerhard, D., & Loftus, E.F. (1986). Qualities of the unreal. Journal of Experimental 
Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 12, 171-181. 
Tousignant, J.P., Hall, D., & Loftus, E.F. (1986). Discrepancy detection and vulnerability to misleading 
post-event information. Memory and Cognition, 14, 329-338. 
Schooler, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1986). Individual differences and experimentation: Complementary 
approaches to interrogative suggestibility. Social Behaviour, 1, 105-112. 
Loftus, E.F. & Leber, D. (1986). Do jurors talk? Trial, 22, 59-60. 
Loftus, E.F. (1986). Ten years in the life of an expert witness. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 241-263. 
(Presidential Address, Div 41, APA). 
Franklin, K.C. & Loftus, E.F. (1986). Law errs in assumptions about memory. Syllabus (An American 
Bar Assn. Journal), March, 17, 7. 
Wilson, L., Greene, E., & Loftus, E.F. (1986). Beliefs about forensic hypnosis. International Journal of 
Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 34, 110-121. 
Loftus, E.F. (1986). Experimental psychologist as advocate or impartial educator. Law and Human 
Behavior, 10, 63-78. 
Caddy, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (1986). Forensic Practice. In G. S. Tryon (Ed.) The Professional Practice of 
Psychology. p 130-159. New Jersey: Norwood. 
1987 
Loftus, E.F., Loftus, G.R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about weapon focus. Law and Human 
Behavior, 11, 55-62. 
Loftus, E.F., Schooler, J.W., Boone, S.M., & Kline, D. (1987). Time went by so slowly: Overestimation 
of event duration by males and females. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1, 3-13. 
Cole, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1987). The memory of children. In S. Ceci, M. Toglia, & D. Ross (Eds.), 
Children's Eyewitness Memory (pp. 178-208). NY: Springer-Verlag. 
Schooler, J.W. & Loftus, E.F. (1987). Memory. In Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (Vol. 1, pp. 
584-587). NY: McGraw-Hill. 
Loftus, E.F., Banaji, M.R., Schooler, J.W., & Foster, R.A. (1987). Who remembers what? Gender 
differences in memory. Michigan Quarterly Review, 26, 64-85. 
Hall, D.F., McFeaters, S.J., & Loftus, E.F. (1987). Alterations in recollection of unusual and unexpected 
events. Journal of the Society for Scientific Exploration, 1, 3-10. 
Loftus, E.F. & Schneider, N.G. (1987). Challenging eyewitness testimony. Trial, 23, 40-44. 
Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1987). How to play to the jury you select--in complex and other cases. 
Criminal Justice, 2 (Spring), 2-5, 42-43. 
Christianson, S. & Loftus, E.F. (1987). Memory for traumatic events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, I, 
225-239. 
Loftus, E.F. (1987). Trials of an Expert Witness. Newsweek (My Turn Column), June 29, 10-11. 
Loftus, E.F. & Schneider, N.G. (1987). Behold with strange surprise: Judicial reactions to expert 
testimony concerning eyewitness testimony. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, 56, 1-45. 
(Based on Annual Joseph Cohen Lectureship). 
• Reprinted in Criminal Practice Law Review (1988), 1, 1-51. 
Loftus, E.F. (1987). Psychology and law. In F. Farley & C.H. Null (Eds.), Using Psychological Science: 
Making the Public Case (pp. 69-78). Washington, D.C.: Federation of Behavioral Psychological 
Cognitive Sciences. 
Loftus, E.F. (1987) Eyewitness testimony and event perception. University of Bridgeport Law Review, 8, 
7-13. 
1988 
Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1988). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal, 1988 Supplement. Kluwer 
Law Books, 1-37. 
Bell, B. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Degree of detail of eyewitness testimony and mock juror judgments. 
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1171-1192. 
Schooler, J.W., Foster, R.A., & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Some deleterious consequences of the act of 
recollection. Memory and Cognition, 16, 243-251. 
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Loftus, E.F., Smith, K.D., Johnson, D.A., & Fiedler, J. (1988). Remembering "when": Errors in dating of 
autobiographical memories. In M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.), Practical Aspects of 
Memory (pp. 234-240). NY: Wiley. 
Schooler, J.W., Clark, C., & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Knowing when memory is real. In M. Gruneberg, P. 
Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.), Practical Aspects of Memory (pp. 83-88). NY: Wiley. 
Wells, G.L, & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Eyewitness testimony. International Encyclopedia of 
Communications. Annenberg School of Communications and Oxford University Press. 
McSpadden, M., Schooler, J.W., & Loftus, E.F. (1988). Here today, gone tomorrow: The appearance and 
disappearance of context effects. in G. Davies and D. Thomson (Rh.), Memory in Context: Context in 
Memory (pp. 215-229). Sussex, England. 
Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). The relevance of expert testimony on eyewitness testimony. Journal 
of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 115-121. 
Loftus, E.F., Bell, B.E., & Williams, K.D. (1988). Powerful Eyewitness testimony. Trial, 24, 64-66. 
Loftus, E.F. & Wagenaar, W.A. (1988). Lawyers' predictions of success. Jurirnetrics Journal. (ABA 
Journal devoted to law, science, and technology), 28, 437-453. 
1989 
Bell, B. & Loftus, E.F. (1989). Trivial persuasion in the courtroom: The power of (a few) minor details. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 669-679. 
Loftus, E.F. & Hoffman, H.G. (1989). Misinformation and memory: The creation of memory. Journal of 
Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 100-104. 
Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1989). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal. 1989 Supplement. Michie 
Co.: Charlottesville, VA, 1-65. 
Loftus, E.F., Donders, K., Hoffman, H.G., & Schooler, J.W. (1989). Creating new memories that are 
quickly accessed and confidently held. Memory and Cognition, 17, 607-616. 
Greene, E., Wilson, L., & Loftus, E.F. (1989). Impact of hypnotic testimony on the jury. Law and Human 
Behavior, 13, 61-78. 
Loftus, E.F. & Christianson, S.A. (1989). Malleability of memory for emotional events. In T. Archer & L. 
Nilsson (Eds.), Aversively Motivated Behavior (pp. 311-322). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Press. 
Loftus, E.F. (1989). Distortions in eyewitness memory from post-event information. in H. Wegener, F. 
Losel, & J. Haisch (Eds.), Criminal Behavior and the Justice System: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 
242-53). NY: Springer-Verlag. 
Loftus, E.F. & Greene, E. (1989). Eyewitness identification. In W.G. Bailey (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of 
Police Science (pp. 183-186). New York: Garland. 
Loftus, E.F., Korf, N., & Schooler, J.W. (1989). Misguided memories: Sincere distortions of reality. In J. 
Yuille (Ed.), Credibility Assessment (pp. 155-173). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. 
Loftus, E.F., Greene, E., & Doyle, J.M (1989). The psychology of eyewitness testimony. In D.C. Raskin 
(Ed.), Psychological Methods in Criminal Investigation and Evidence, (Chap. 1, pp. 3-45). NY: Springer. 
Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1989). Implications of facial memory research for investigative and 
administrative criminal procedures. In A.W. Young & H.D. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Face 
Processing (pp. 571-579). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. 
Loftus, E.F. & Banaji, M. (1989). Memory modification and the role of the media. In V.A. Gheorghiu, P. 
Netter, H.J. Eysenck, & R. Rosenthal (Ft), Suggestibility: Theory and Research. Berlin: Springer-
Verlag, p. 279-294. 
Loftus, E.F. & Goodman, J. (1989). Is the verdict in on the American jury? (Review of Kassin & 
Wrightsman). Contemporary Psychology, 34, 819-820. 
Goodman, J., Greene, E., & Loftus, E.F. (1989). Runaway verdicts or reasoned determinations: Mock 
juror strategies in awarding damages. Jurimetrics Journal, 29, 285-309. 
Loftus, E.F. (1989). Mind games: China's rulers changing memories. Sunday Times Union, Albany, NY, 
p. DI, 6. 
1990 
Loftus, E.F., Klinger, M.R., Smith, K.D., & Fiedler, J. (1990). A tale of two questions: Benefits of asking 
more than one question. Public Opinion Quarterly, 054, 330-345. 
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Raitz, A., Greene, E. Goodman, J., & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Determining damages: The influence of expert 
testimony on jurors' decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 385-395. 
Christianson, S., Goodman, J., & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Eyewitness testimony. In Eysenck, M. (Ed.), The 
Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology. Oxford, U.K.: Basil Blackwell, Ltd, 142-144. 
Goodman, J., Loftus, E.F. & Greene, E. (1990). A matter of money: Voir dire in civil cases. Forensic 
Reports, 3, 303-330. 
Moran, G., Cutler, B.L. & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Jury selection in major controlled substance trials: The 
need for extended voir dire. Forensic Reports, 3, 331-348. 
Christianson, S-A. & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Some characteristics of peoples' traumatic memories. Bulletin 
of the Psychonomic Society, 28(3), 195-198. 
Jobe, J. White, A.A., Kelley, C.L., Mingay, D.J., Sanchez, M.J., & Loftus, E.F. (1990) Recall strategies 
and memory for health care visits., Millbank Quarterly, 68, 171-189. 
Wagenaar, W.A. & Loftus, E.F. (1990) Ten cases of eyewitness identification: logical problems and 
procedural problems. Journal of Criminal Justice, 18, 291-319. 
Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1990). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal. 1990 Supplement. Michie 
Co.: Charlottesville, VA, 1-84. 
1991 
Christianson, S.A. & Loftus, E.F. (1991). Remembering emotional events: The fate of detailed 
information. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 81-108. 
Loftus, E.F. (1991) Made in Memory: Distortions of recollection after misleading information. In G. 
Bower (Ed.) Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 27, 187-215. NY: Academic Press. 
Loftus, E.F. (1991) The glitter of everyday memory research...and the gold. American Psychologist, 46, 
16-18. 
Christianson, S.A., Loftus, E.F., Hoffman, H., & Loftus, G.R. (1991) Eye fixations and accuracy in detail 
memory of emotional versus neutral events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory 
and Cognition, 17, 693-701. 
Means, B. & Loftus, E.F. (1991). When personal history repeats itself: Decomposing memories for 
recurrent events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 297-318. 
Loftus, E.F. & Ceci, S.J. (1991). Research findings: What do they mean? In J. Doris (Ed.) The 
Suggestibility of Children's Recollections. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 129-
133. 
Wells, G.L. & Loftus, E.F. (1991). Is this child fabricating?: Reactions to new assessment technique. in J. 
Doris (Ed.) The Suggestibility of Children's Recollections. Washington D.C.: American Psychological 
Association, 168-171. 
Toland,K., Hoffman, H. & Loftus, E.F. (1991). How suggestion plays tricks with memory. In 
J.F.Schumaker, (Ed.) Human Suggestibility: Advances in Theory, Research, and Application. NY: 
Routledge, p. 235-252.. 
Jobe, J. & Loftus, E.F. (Eds.) (1991) Cognition and Survey Measurement. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 
5 (special issue). 
Loftus, E.F. (1991) When words speak louder than actions: Suggestibility about what happened? In J. 
Doris (Ed.) The Suggestibility of Children's Recollections. Washington DC: American Psychological 
Association, p. 56-59. 
Greene, E., Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1991) Jurors' attitudes about civil litigation and the size of 
damage awards. American University Law Review, 40, 805-820. 
Loftus, E.F. (1991) Resolving legal questions with psychological data. American Psychologist, 46, 1046-
1048. 
Goodman, J. Loftus, E.F., Lee, M., & Greene, E. (1991) Money, sex and death: Gender bias in wrongful 
death damage awards. Law and Society Review, 25, 263-285. 
Hoffman, H.G., Loftus, E.F., Greenmun, G.N. & Dashiell, R.L. (1991) Die Erzeugung von 
Fehlinformation (The generation of misinformation). Gmppendynamik 22 Jahrg., Heft 2, 161-173. 
Wertheimer, M., Hilgard, E.R., Spilka, B, Tyler, L.E., Norman, R.D., Loftus, E.F., Brewer, M.B.. Ellis, 
H.C., Wollersheim, J.P., Kendler, H.H. (1991) A tale of two regions: The Rocky Mountains and the US 
Western. Zeitschriftfitr Psychologie, 199, 107-119 and 191-204. 
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1992 
Loftus, E.F., Levidow, B & Duensing, S. (1992) Who remembers best? Individual differences in memory 
for events that occurred in a science museum. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 93-107. 
Severance, L., Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1992) Inferring the Criminal Mind: Towards a bridge 
between legal doctrine and psychological understanding. Journal of Criminal Justice, 20, 15-27. 
Loftus, E.F. & Klinger, M.R.(1992) is the unconscious smart or dumb? American Psychologist, 47,761-
765. 
Loftus, E.F. & Leitner, R. (1992) Reconstructive Memory. in L.R. Squire, J.H. Byrne, L. Nadel, H.L. 
Roediger, D.L. Schacter & R.F. Thompson (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Learning and Memory. NY:: 
MacMillan, Vol I. 
Abelson, R.P., Loftus, E.F. & Greenwald, A.G. (1992) Attempts to improve the accuracy of self-reports 
of voting. In J.M. Tanur (Ed.) Questions about Questions: Inquiries into the Cognitive Bases of Surveys. 
NY: Russell Sage, 138-153. 
Croyle, R. & Loftus, E.F. (1992) Improving episodic memory performance on survey respondents. In 
J.M. Tanur (Ed.) Questions about Questions: Inquiries into the Cognitive Bases of Surveys. NY: Russell 
Sage, 95-101. 
Loftus, E.F., Smith, K., Klinger, M. & Fiedler, J. (1992) Memory and mismemory for health events. In 
J.M. Tanur (Ed.) Questions about Questions: Inquiries into the Cognitive Bases of Surveys. NY: Russell 
Sage, 102-137. 
Goodman, J. & Loftus, E.F. (1992). Judgment and memory: The role of expert testimony on eyewitness 
accuracy. In P. Tetlock and P. Suedfeld (Eds.), Psychology and Social Policy, 267-282. Wash, DC: 
Hemisphere Publishing Corp. 
Christianson, S.A., Goodman, J. & Loftus E.F. (1992) Eyewitness memory for traumatic events: 
Methodological quandaries and ethical dilemmas. In Christianson, S.A. (ed.) Handbook of Emotion and 
Memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 217-241. 
Fruzzetti, A.E., Toland, K., Teller, S.A. & Loftus, E.F. (1992). Memory and eyewitness testimony. In 
Gruneberg, M. & Morris, P. (Eds.) Aspects of Memory. London: Routledge, 18-50 
Loftus, E.F. & Kaufman, L. (1992) Why do traumatic experiences sometimes produce good memory 
(flashbulbs) and sometimes no memory (repression)? In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.) Affect and 
Accuracy in Recall: The Problem of "Flashbulb" memories. NY: Cambridge University Press, 212-223. 
Loftus, E.F., Hoffman, H., & Wagenaar, W.A. (1992). The misinformation effect: Transformations in 
memory induced by postevent information. In M.L. Howe, C.J. Brainerd, and V.F. Reyna (Eds.) 
Development of Long-Tenn Retention. NY: Springer. pp. 159-183. 
Williams, K.D., Loftus, E.F., & Deffenbacher, K.A. (1992) Eyewitness evidence and testimony. in D.K. 
Kagehiro & N.S. Laufer (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology and Law. NY: Springer-Verlag, 141-166. 
Loftus, E.F. (1992) When a lie becomes memory's truth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 
121-123. 
• Reprinted in: Honeck, R.P. (1998) Introductory Readings for Cognitive Psychology, 3rd Ed. Guilford, 
CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, chapter 12, 116-120. 
Berliner, L. & Loftus, E.F. (1992) Sexual abuse accusations: Desperately seeking reconciliation. Journal 
of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 570-578. 
Loftus, E.F. & Rosenwald, L.A. (1992) Damage Control: How to reduce guesswork and bias in jury 
awards. Trial Diplomacy Journal, 15, 183-188. 
Hoffman, H.G., Loftus, E.F., Greenmun, G.N. & Dashiell, R.L. (1992) The generation of misinformation. 
In Losel, F., Bender, D., & Bliesener, T. (Flit) (1992) Psychology and Law: International perspectives. 
Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p.292-301. (English translation of German publication from 1991). 
1993 
Loftus, E.F. (1993) Desperately seeking memories of the first few years of childhood: The reality of early 
memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 274-277. 
Loftus, E.F. (1993) The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537. 
• Reprinted in: 
Hertzig, M.E. & Farber, E.A. (Eds.) (1995) Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child 
Development 1994: A selection of the year's outstanding contributions to the understanding and 
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treatment of the normal and disturbed child. NY: Brunner/Mazel. 
Blake, T. (Ed.) Enduring Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. 
Croyle, R.T. & Loftus, E.F. (1993) Recollection in the kingdom of AIDS. In D.G. Ostrow & R. Kessler 
(Eds.) Methodological Issues in AIDS Behavioral Research. NY: Plenum. p 163-180. 
Croyle, R.T., Loftus, E.F., Klinger, M.R., & Smith, K.D. (1993) Reducing errors in health-related 
memories. Progress and prospects. in J.R. Schement & B.D. Ruben (Eds.) Between Communication and 
Information: Information and Behavior, Vol IV, pp. 255-268. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 
Publishers. 
Schooler, J.W. & Loftus, E.F. (1993). Multiple mechanisms mediate individual differences in eyewitness 
accuracy and suggestibility. In J.M. Puckett & H.W. Reese (Eds.). Life-span Developmental 
Psychology: Mechanisms of everyday cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. p. 177-203. 
Loftus, E.F. & Rosenwald, L.A. (1993) Buried Memories/shattered lives. American Bar Association 
Journal, 79, 70-73. 
Loftus, E.F. & Rosenwald, L.A. (1993) The Rodney King Videotape: Why the case was not black and 
white. University of Southern California Law Review, 66, 1637-1645. 
Loftus, E.F. (1993) Repressed memories of childhood trauma: Are they genuine? Harvard Medical 
School Mental Health Letter, 9(9), 4-5. 
Loftus, E.F. (1993) The theory behind witnessing events, and the practice. In Davies, G. & Logie, R. 
(Eds.) Memory in Everyday Life. North Holland, chapter 9, 402-407. 
Ernsdorff, G. & Loftus, E.F. (1993) Let sleeping memories lie?: Words of caution about tolling the statute 
of limitations in cases of memory repression. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 84, 129-174. 
Loftus, E.F. (1993) Psychologists in the Eyewitness World. American Psychologist, 48, 550-552. 
Loftus, E.F., Weingardt, K.R., & Hoffman, H.G. (1993). Sleeping memories on trial: Reactions to 
memories that were previously repressed. Expert Evidence: The International Digest of Human 
Behaviour Science and Law, 2, 51-59. 
Loftus, E.F. (1993, June 27) You must remember this...or do you? How real are repressed memories? 
Washington Post, p.C1-C2. (Invited editorial). 
Garry, M. & Loftus E.F. (1993) Repressed memories of childhood trauma: Could some of them be 
suggested? USA Today Magazine (Society for the Advancement of Education), 122, 82-84. 
1994 
Weingardt, K.R., Leonesio, R.J., & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Viewing eyewitness research from a 
metacognitive perspective. In J. Metcalfe & A. Shimamura (Eds.) Metacognition: Knowing about 
Knowing. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, pp. 157-184. 
Foster, R.A., Libkuman, T.M., Schooler, J.W., & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Consequentiality and eyewitness 
person identification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 107-121. 
Loftus, E.F., Polonsky, S., & Fullilove, M.T. (1994) Memories of childhood sexual abuse: remembering 
and repressing. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 67-84. 
Williams, K.D. & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Eyewitness testimony. in Ramachandran, V.S. (Ed) Encyclopedia 
of Human Behavior, Vol I. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. 
Croyle, R.T. & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Psychology and the Law. In Colman, A.M. (Ed.) Companion 
Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 2. London: Routledge, p. 1028-1045. 
• Reprinted in: Coleman, A.M. (Ed.) (1995) Controversies in Psychology. London: Longman, pp. 58-75. 
Loftus, E.F. (1994) Therapeutic recollection of childhood abuse: When a memory may not be a memory? 
The Champion (National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers), Vol. XVIII, 2, 5-10. 
Loftus, E.F. (1994) We need to be concerned about 'altered' memories. Brown University Child and 
Adolescent Behavior Letter, April, 10, 3. 
Loftus, E.F., Garry, M., Brown, S.W., & Rader, M. (1994) Near-natal memories, past-life memories, and 
other memory myths. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36, 176-179. 
Loftus, E.F., Garry, M., & Feldman, J. (1994) Forgetting sexual trauma. Journal of Consulting and 
Clinical Psychology, 62, 1177-1181. 
• Reprinted in: Baker, R.A. (Ed). (1998) Child sexual abuse and false memory syndrome. Amherst, NY: 
Prometheus Books. 
Loftus, E.F. (1994) The repressed memory controversy. American Psychologist, 49, 443-445. 
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Loftus, E.F. (1994) Tricked by memory. In J. Jeffrey and G. Edwall (Eds). Memory and History: Essays 
on recalling and interpreting experience. NY: University Press of America. p. 17-29. 
Garry, M., Loftus, E.F., Brown, S.W. (1994) Memory: A river runs through it. Consciousness and 
Cognition, 3, 438-451. 
Belli, R.F. & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Recovered memories of childhood abuse: A source monitoring 
perspective. In Lynn, S.J. & Rhue, J. (Eds.) Dissociation: Theory, clinical, and research perspectives. 
NY: Guilford Press, p. 415-433. 
Garry, M. & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Pseudomemories without hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and 
Experimental Hypnosis, Vo,I. XLII, 363-378. 
Weingardt, K.R., Toland, H.K., & Loftus, E.F. (1994) Reports of suggested memories: Do people truly 
believe them? In D. Ross, J.D. Read & M.P. Toglia (Eds.) Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends 
and developments. NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3-26. 
Ceci, S.J. & Loftus, E.F. (1994) "Memory work": A royal road to false memories? Applied Cognitive 
Psychology, 8, 351-364. 
• Reprinted in Honech, R.P. (1998) Introductory readings for Cognitive Psychology, 3nd Ed. 
Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, Chapter 31, 267-277. 
Ceci, S.J., Loftus, E.F., Leichtman, M.D., & Bruck, M. (1994) The possible role of source misattributions 
in the creation of false beliefs among preschoolers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental 
Hypnosis, Vol. XLII, 304-320. 
Ceci, S.J., Huffman, M.L.C., Smith, E., and Loftus, E.F. (1994) Repeatedly thinking about a non-event: 
Source misattributions among preschoolers. Consciousness and Cognition, 3, 388-407. 
1995 
Weingardt, K.R., Loftus, E.F., & Lindsay, D.S. (1995) Misinformation revisited: New evidence on the 
suggestibility of memory. Memory & Cognition, 23 (1), 72-82. 
Loftus, E.F., Milo, E.M., & Paddock, J.R. (1995) The accidental executioner: Why psychotherapy must 
be informed by science. The Counseling Psychologist, 23, 300-309. 
Loftus, E.F. & Pickrell, J.E. (1995) The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725. 
• Reprinted in: Psykologia, 1997, 32 (2). (Published in Finnish, pages 112a-112k). 
Loftus, E.F., Feldman, J., & Dashiell, R. (1995) The reality of illusory memories. In Schacter, D.L., 
Coyle, J.T., Fishbach, G.D., Mesulam, M.M., and Sullivan, L.E. (Eds). Memory Distortion: How minds, 
brains and societies reconstruct the past. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 47-68 
Loftus, E.F. (1995) Remembering dangerously. Skeptical Inquirer, 19, 20-29. 
Loftus, E.F. (1995) Memory malleability: Constructivist and fuzzy-trace explanations. Learning and 
Individual Differences, 7, 133-137.. 
Clark, S.E. & Loftus, E.F. (1995) The psychological pay-dirt of space-alien abduction memories. Review 
of Mack, J. (1995) Abduction: Human encounters with aliens. Contemporary Psychology,40, 861-863. 
Loftus, E.F, & Yapko, M. (1995) Psychotherapy and the recovery of repressed memories. In Ney, T. (Ed.) 
Allegations in Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and case management. Brunner/Mazel, p. 176-191. 
Leichtman, M.D., Loftus, E.F., & Ceci, S.J. (1995) Current issues in early eyewitness memory. Scalpel 
and Quill: Bulletin of the Pittsburgh Institute of Legal Medicine, 30, 1-71. (Copies available from 
Pittsburgh Institute of Legal Medicine, 1200 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15219). 
Loftus, E.F. (1995, August 25) The truth, the whole truth and & nothing but the truth? Los Angeles Times, 
p. B 9. (Invited editorial; Reprinted in newspapers in Minneapolis, Buffalo and elsewhere) 
Loftus, E.F. (1995) Afterword to Ross, C.A., Satanic ritual abuse. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 
203-209. 
Loftus, E.F. & Rosenwald, L.A. (1995, Fall) Recovered memories: unearthing the past in court. Journal 
of Psychiatry & Law, 349-361. 
1996 
Garry, M., Manning, C., Loftus, E.F., & Sherman, S.J. (1996) Imagination Inflation: imagining a 
childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 208-214. 
Loftus, E.F., Paddock, J.R. & Guernsey, T.F. (1996) Patient-psychotherapist privilege: Access to clinical 
records in the tangled web of repressed memory litigation. University of Richmond Law Review, 30, 
109-154. (Special issue devoted to Allen Chair recipients.). 
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Belli, R.F. & Loftus, E.F. (1996) The pliability of autobiographical memory: Misinformation and the false 
memory problem. In David C. Rubin (Ed.) Remembering our past, 157-179. NY: Cambridge University 
Press. 
Loftus, E.F., Coan, J.A. & Pickrell, J.E. (1996) Manufacturing false memories using bits of reality. In L. 
M. Reder (Ed.) Implicit memory and metacognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 
195-220. 
Manning, C.G. & Loftus,E.F. (1996) Eyewitness testimony and memory distortion. Japanese 
Psychological Research, 38,5-13 (Invited Paper) 
Loftus, E.F. (1996) Repressed Memory Litigation: Court cases and scientific findings on illusory 
memory. Washington State Bar News, 50, 15-25. 
Loftus, E.F. (1996) The myth of repressed memory and the realities of science. Clinical Psychology: 
Science and Practice, 3, 356-362. 
Loftus, E.F. (1996) Memory distortion and false memory creation. Bulletin of the American Academy of 
Psychiatry & the Law, 24, 281-295. 
Manning, C.G. & Loftus, E.F. (1996) Memory. McGraw-Hill 1997 Yearbook of Science & Technology. 
NY: McGraw-Hill., p. 299-301. 
Clark, S.E. & Loftus, E.F. (1996) The construction of space alien abduction memories. Psychological 
Inquiry, 7, 140-143. 
Loftus, E. F., & Doyle, J. M. (1996). Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Cr' 
at 1996 Cumulative 
Supplement. Charlottesville, VA: Michie Company, 1-49. 
Mazzoni, G. A. L., & Loftus, E. F. (1996). When dreams become reality. Consciousness & Cognition, 5, 
442-462. 
Gilligan, F. A., Imwinkelried, E. J., & Loftus, E. F. (1996) The theory of `unconscious transference': The 
latest threat to the shield laws protecting the privacy of victims of sex offenses. Boston College Law 
Review, 38, p. 107-144. 
1997 
Hyman, I. & Loftus, E.F. (1997) Some people recover memories of childhood trauma that never really 
happened. In Paul S. Appelbaum, Lisa A. Uyehara, Mark R. Elfin (Eds) Trauma and Memory: Clinical 
and Legal Controversies. NY: Oxford University Press. p. 3-24. 
Garry, M., Loftus, E. F., DuBreuil, S. C., & Brown, S. W. (1997) Womb with a view: Memory beliefs and 
memory-work experiences. In D. G. Payne & F. G. Conrad (Eds.) Intersections in Basic & Applied 
Memory Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 233-255. 
Loftus, E. F. (1997) Commentary on anomolies of autobiographical memory. In J. D. Read and D. S. 
Lindsay (Eds.) Recollections of Trauma: Scientific Research and Clinical Practice. NY: Plenum Press, 
pp. 297-400. 
Loftus, E. F. (1997). Repressed memory accusations: Devastated families and devastated patients. Applied 
Cognitive Psychology, 11, 25-30. 
Loftus, E. F. & Rosenwald, L. (1997). Repressed Memories: Scientific Status. In D. L. Faigman, D. H. 
Kaye, M. J., Saks, & J. Saunders (Eds.) Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert 
Testimony. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, p. 535-550. 
Loftus, E. F. (1997, September). Creating false memories. Scientific American, 277, (3), 70-75. 
• Reprinted in Boyatzis, C. & Junn, E.N. (2000) Child Growth and Development. NY: 
McGraw Hill, Chapter 8. 
Loftus, E. F. (1997). Memory for a past that never was. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, p. 
60-65. 
Joslyn, S., Carlin, L., & Loftus, E. F. (1997) Remembering and forgetting childhood sexual abuse. 
Memory, 5, 703-724. 
Loftus, E. F. (1997). Dispatch from the (un)civil memory wars. In J. D. Read & D. S. Lindsay (Eds.) 
Recollections of Trauma: Scientific Research and Clinical Practice. NY: Plenum Press, pp. 171-198. 
Loftus, E.F. (1997). Creating childhood memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, S75-S86. 
1998 
Loftus, E.F., Nucci, M., & Hoffman, H. (1998) Manufacturing memory. American Journal of Forensic 
Psychology, 16, 63-75. 
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