EFTA00077606

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK 
x 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
S 120 Cr. 330 (AJN) 
GHISLAINE MAXWELL, 
Defendant. 
x 
THE GOVERNMENT'S OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION 
TO THE DEFENDANT'S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS 
AUDREY STRAUSS 
United States Attorney 
Southern District of New York 
Attorney for the United States of America 
Assistant United States Attorneys 
- Of Counsel - 
EFTA00077606

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 
1 
BACKGROUND 
2 
ARGUMENT 
3 
I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case 
3 
A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York 
4 
1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts 
5 
2. The Defendant Has Offered No Evidence That the NPA Binds Other Districts  
9 
B. The NPA Does Not Immunize Maxwell from Prosecution 
15 
1. The NPA Is Limited to Particular Crimes Between 2001 and 2007 
15 
2. The NPA Does Not Confer Enforceable Rights on Maxwell 
17 
C. The Defendant Has Offered No Basis for Additional Discovery or a Hearing 
21 
II. The Indictment Is Timely 
23 
A. Statutory Background 
24 
B. The 2003 Amendment to Section 3283 Applies Retroactively 
26 
1. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step One of Landgraf 
28 
2. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step Two of Landgraf 
32 
C. The Defendant's Crimes Involved the Sexual Abuse of Minors 
36 
III. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Based on Alleged Improper Pre-
Trial Delay Should Be Denied 
41 
A. The Defendant Has Failed to Demonstrate Actual and Substantial Prejudice 
42 
1. Applicable Law 
42 
2. Discussion 
44 
B. The Defendant Has Failed to Establish That the Government Delayed the Indictment for 
An Improper Purpose 
52 
1. Applicable Law 
52 
2. Discussion 
54 
IV. The Court Should Deny the Defendant's Motions to Suppress 
59 
A. Factual Background 
61 
1. The Civil Lawsuit against Maxwell 
61 
2. February 2016 Meeting 
62 
3. The April and July 2016 Depositions of Maxwell 
64 
4. The USAO-SDNY Commences the Instant Investigation in 2018 
65 
5. The USAO-SDNY's Subpoenas and Ex Pane Applications for Materials 
66 
6. Proceedings before Chief Judge McMahon 
68 
a. March 26, 2019 Hearing 
68 
b. April 9, 2019 Hearing 
70 
EFTA00077607

c. Chief Judge McMahon's Memorandum and Order 
71 
7. Magistrate Judge Netbum's Order 
74 
8. Unsealing of Maxwell's Depositions 
74 
9. The New York Daily News Article 
75 
B. The Defendant's Suppression Motion Should Be Denied 
76 
1. Martindell Provides No Basis to Grant the Relief the Defendant Seeks 
76 
a. Applicable Law 
76 
b. Discussion 
79 
2. Maxwell's Fourth Amendment Claim Fails 
82 
a. Maxwell Has Not Established Standing 
82 
i. 
Applicable Law 
82 
ii. Discussion 
84 
b. The Government Acted in Good Faith 
86 
i. 
Applicable Law 
86 
ii. Discussion 
88 
c. Suppression of Certain Materials Would Be Improper Under the Inevitable Discovery 
Doctrine 
93 
i. 
Applicable Law 
93 
ii. Discussion 
94 
3. The Defendant's Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained Pursuant to the Subpoena 
Under the Fifth Amendment Is Without Merit 
96 
a. Applicable Law 
96 
i. The Fifth Amendment — Generally 
96 
ii. The Fifth Amendment — Act of Production Privilege 
97 
iii. The Fifth Amendment — When Private Action Is Deemed Government Action 
98 
b. Discussion 
99 
4. The Government Did Not Violate Maxwell's Due Process Rights 
103 
a. Applicable Law 
104 
b. Discussion 
107 
5. The Court Should Not Exercise Its Inherent Authority to Order Suppression 
109 
a. Applicable Law 
109 
b. Discussion 
110 
6. The Defendant Is Not Entitled to a Hearing 
111 
a. Applicable Law 
112 
b. Discussion 
115 
V. The Jury Should Decide Whether the Defendant Committed Perjury 
116 
A. Factual Background 
117 
B. Applicable Law 
119 
C. Discussion 
122 
1. April 2016 Deposition 
123 
2. July 2016 Deposition 
129 
3. Materiality 
135 
EFTA00077608

VI. Counts Five and Six Are Properly Joined and Should Not Be Severed 
138 
A. Applicable Law 
138 
B. Discussion 
141 
VII. The Indictment Contains the Elements of Each Offense and Provides the Defendant 
More Than Adequate Notice of the Charges Against Her 
150 
A. Applicable Law 
150 
B. Discussion 
152 
VIII. There Is No Basis to Strike Any Portion of the Indictment 
157 
A. Relevant Facts 
158 
B. Applicable Law 
159 
C. Discussion 
161 
IX. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count One or Count Three as Multiplicitous Is 
Premature 
169 
A. Relevant Facts 
169 
B. Applicable Law 
170 
C. Discussion 
172 
X. The Defendant's Various Disclosure Motions Should be Denied 
174 
A. Bill of Particulars Is Not Warranted 
174 
1. Applicable Law 
174 
2. Discussion 
178 
B. The Defendant's Requests for Early Production of a Witness List and Jencks Act Material 
Should Be Denied 
182 
1. Applicable Law 
182 
2. Discussion 
184 
C. The Defendant's Additional Requests for Disclosure Should Be Denied 
185 
XI. The Use of a Grand Jury Siting in White Plains Was Entirely Proper 
193 
A. Background 
194 
1. The SDNY and Local Rules for the Division of Business 
194 
2. The SDNY Jury Plan 
195 
B. Applicable Law 
197 
C. Discussion 
198 
1. The Defendant Was Properly Indicted by a Grand Jury Sitting in White Plains 
198 
2. The Defendant's Fair Cross-Section Claim Is Meritless 
205 
a. The Defendant Has Not Established that Blacks or Hispanics Are Unfairly 
Represented 
205 
b. Any Potential Underrepresentation Is Not Due to Systematic Exclusion 
210 
CONCLUSION 
212 
iii 
EFTA00077609

EXHIBIT LIST 
Exhibit 1: 
Notes from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York 
Exhibit 2: 
June 14, 2007 Email 
Exhibit 3: 
November 2020 Report, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Professional 
Responsibility 
Exhibit 4: 
Notes from February 11, 2021 Call 
Exhibit 5: 
Notes from February 29, 2016 Meeting 
Exhibit 6: 
November 30, 2018 Email 
Exhibit 7: 
December 6, 2018 Email 
Exhibit 8: 
February 28, 2019 Government Letter to Judge Sweet 
Exhibit 9: 
February 28, 2019 Government Letter to Judge Netburn 
Exhibit 10: 
Transcript of April 22, 2016 Deposition 
Exhibit 11: 
Transcript of July 22, 2016 Deposition 
Exhibit 12: 
Affidavit of Dr. Bernard R. Siskin 
iv 
EFTA00077610

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES 
Cases 
Albright v. Oliver, 
510 U.S. 266 (1993) 
Andover Data Servs., a Div. of Players Computer, Inc. v. Statistical Tabulating Corp., 
Page(s) 
152 
876 F.2d 1080 (2d Cir. 1989) 
106, 119, 149 
Arizona v. Youngblood, 
488 U.S. 51 (1988) 
76 
Aronson v. K. Arakelian, Inc., 
154 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1946) 
19 
Berghuis v. Smith, 
559 U.S. 314 (2010) 
299, 302 
Blaszczak, 
17 Cr. 357 (LAK) 
275 
Blissett v. Lefevre, 
924 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1991) 
158 
Blum v. Yaretsky, 
457 U.S. 991 (1982) 
143 
Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 
405 F.3d 964 (11th Cir. 2005) 
24 
Botha v. Don King Productions, Inc., 
No. 97 Civ. 7587 (JGK), 1998 WL 88745 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1998) 
148 
Boyd v. United States, 
116 U.S. 616 (1886) 
145 
Branzburg v. Hayes, 
408 U.S. 665 (1972) 
110 
Bridges v. United States, 
346 U.S. 209 (1953) 
53 
Bronston v. United States, 
409 U.S. 352 (1973) 
181 
Bryson v. United States, 
396 U.S. 64 (1969) 
147 
Burgess v. United States, 
552 U.S. 124 (2008) 
51 
Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 
491 U.S. 617 (1989) 
159 
Carpenter v. United States, 
138 S. Ct. 2206 
passim 
Chambers v. Mississippi, 
410 U.S. 284 (1973) 
159 
Chemical Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 
154 F.R.D. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 
passim 
EFTA00077611

Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 
567 U.S. 142 (2012) 
Colorado v. Connelly, 
51 
479 U.S. 157 (1986) 
139, 141, 142 
Colorado v. Spring, 
479 U.S. 564 (1987) 
138 
County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 
523 U.S. 833 (1998) 
152 
Cruz v. Maypa, 
773 F.3d 138 (4th Cir. 2014) 
43 
Davis v. United States, 
564 U.S. 229 (2011) 
122 
Doe 1 v. United States, 
359 F. Supp. 3d 1201 (S.D. Fla. 2019) 
14 
Doe No. 1. v. United States, 
749 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2014) 
173, 174, 176 
Dowling v. United States, 
493 U.S. 342 (1990) 
76 
Duren v. Missouri, 
439 U.S. 357 (1979) 
289, 296 
Edwards v. Mazzuca, 
No. 00 Civ. 2290 (US), 2007 WL 2994449 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2007) 
234 
Falter v. United States, 
23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928) 
45 
Fisher v. United States, 
425 U.S. 391 (1976) 
140, 146 
Flagg v. Yonkers Say. & Loan Ass 'n, 
396 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2005) 
143 
Franks v. Delaware, 
438 U.S. 154 (1978) 
166, 169, 170, 171 
Gatto, 
17 Cr. 686 (LAK) 
275 
Golino v. City of New Haven, 
950 F.2d 864 (2d Cir. 1991) 
125 
Graham v. Connor, 
490 U.S. 386 (1989) 
151 
Grant v. United States, 
282 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. 1960) 
164 
Greer v. Miller, 
483 U.S. 756 (1987) 
158 
Grunewald v. United States, 
353 U.S. 391 (1957) 
248 
Hamling v. United States, 
418 U.S. 87 (1974) 
225, 227 
vi 
EFTA00077612

Hemphill v. United States, 
392 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1968) 
268 
Herring v. United States, 
555 U.S. 135 (2009) 
123 
Howell v. Superintendent Rockview SCI, 
939 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2019) 
302 
Huddleston v. United States, 
485 U.S. 681 (1988) 
254 
In re Enter. Mort. Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig. ("Enterprise", 
), 391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) 
36,43,44 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Apr. 19, 1991, 
945 F.2d 1221 (2d Cir. 1991) 
108, 113 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Oct 29, 1992, 
1 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1993) 
140, 145 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 
826 F.2d 1166 (1987) 
136 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 
836 F.2d 1468 (4th Cir. 1988) 
149 
In re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Duces Tecum Dated Jan. 29, 
1999, 191 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 1999) 
139 
In Re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Jan. 5, 
1988, 847 F.2d 1024 (2d Cir. 1988) 
136 
In re U.S., 
834 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1987) 
284 
In re Various Grand Jury Subpoenas, 
924 F. Supp. 2d 549 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), aff'd, 579 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2014) 
140 
Int'l Equity !nvs., Inc. v. Opportunity Equity Partners Ltd., 
No. 05 Civ. 2745 (JGK) (RLE), 2010 WL 779314 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) 
111 
Johnson v. United States, 
520 U.S. 461 (1997) 
200 
Kungys v. United States, 
485 U.S. 759 (1988) 
222 
Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 
511 U.S. 244 (1994) 
35,36, 41, 42 
Leocal v. Ashcroft, 
543 U.S. 1 (2004) 
56, 57 
Madanes v. Madanes, 
186 F.R.D. 279 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) 
141 
Martindell v. Intl Tel. and Tel. Corp., 
594 F.2d 291 (2d Cir. 1979) 
passim 
Martinez v. McAleenan, 
385 F. Supp. 3d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 
150, 151 
Michigan v. Tucker, 
417 U.S. 433 (1974) 
137 
vii 
EFTA00077613

Miller v. Pate, 
386 U.S. 1 (1967) 
157, 174, 175 
Mills v. Scully, 
826 F.2d 1192 (2d Cir. 1987) 
158 
Minnesota v. Mwphy, 
465 U.S. 420 (1984) 
144 
Murray v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 
583 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2009) 
223 
Nyhawan v. Holder, 
557 U.S. 29 (2009) 
56 
Nix v. Williams, 
467 U.S. 431 (1984) 
132, 133 
North Carolina v. Pearce, 
395 U.S. 711 (1969) 
259 
Oregon v. Elstad, 
470 U.S. 298 (1985) 
139, 141 
Palmieri v. State of N.Y., 
779 F.2d 861 (2d Cir. 1985) 
108, 112, 114 
Rakas v. Illinois, 
439 U.S. 128 (1978) 
115, 116, 118 
Ratzlaf v. United States, 
510 U.S. 135 (1994) 
165 
Rawlings v. Kentucky, 
448 U.S. 98 (1980) 
116 
Richardson v. Marsh, 
481 U.S. 200 (1987) 
212 
Rivera v. United States, 
928 F.2d 592 (2d Cir. 1991) 
168, 172 
Rochin, 
342 U.S., 72 S. Ct. 205 
153 
Rosencrans v. United States, 
165 U.S. 257 (1897) 
296 
Russell v. United States, 
369 U.S. 749 (1962) 
229 
Rutenberg v. United States, 
245 U.S. 480 (1918) 
292 
Salinas v. United States, 
522 U.S. 52 (1997) 
245 
Santobello v. United States, 
No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1998 WL 113950 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1998) 
21 
Sch. Dist. No. 7, 
167 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 1999) 
61 
SEC v. 71eStreetcom, 
273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001) 
109, 113 
viii 
EFTA00077614

Silver, 
15 Cr. 93 (VEC) 
275 
Skelos, 
15 Cr. 317 (KMW) 
275 
Smith v. Maryland, 
442 U.S. 735 (1979) 
117, 118 
Stogner v. California, 
539 U.S. 607 (2003) 
45 
Swain v. Alabama, 
380 U.S. 202 (1965) 
300 
Taylor v. Louisiana, 
419 U.S. 522 (1975) 
299, 300 
Taylor v. United States, 
495 U.S. 575 (1990) 
56 
Thom v. Ashcroft, 
369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004) 
47 
Toussie v. United States, 
397 U.S. 112 (1970) 
48 
United State v. Nader, 
425 F. Supp. 3d 619 (E.D. Va. 2019) 
passim 
United States v. Ahmed, 
992 F. Supp. 682 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 
166 
United States v. Ahmed, 
No. 10 Cr. 131 (PKC), 2011 WL 5041456 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2011) 
243 
United States v. Al Kassar, 
660 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2011) 
154 
United States v. Alameh, 
341 F.3d 167 (2d Cir. 2003) 
77, 78, 81 
United States v. Alberti, 
568 F.2d 617 (2d Cir. 1977) 
187 
United States v. Aleman, 
286 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2002) 
27 
United States v. Alfonso, 
143 F.3d 772 (2d. Cir. 1998) 
226 
United States v. Amato, 
15 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 1994) 
209 
United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, 
184 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 1999) 
222 
United States v. Anderson, 
747 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2014) 
212 
United States v. Anderson, 
772 F.3d 969 (2d Cir. 2014) 
162 
United States v. Annabi, 
10 Cr. 07 (CM) 
286 
ix 
EFTA00077615

United States v. Annabi, 
771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985) 
5, 7, 8 
United States v. Annabi, 
771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985), aff'd, 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988) 
5 
United States v. Arid, 
12 Cr. 24 (LAP) 
286 
United States v. Arzberger, 
592 F. Supp. 2d 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) 
151 
United States v. Ash, 
464 F. Supp. 3d 621 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) 
145 
United States v. Ashburn, 
76 F. Supp. 3d 401 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) 
126 
United States v. Awadallah, 
349 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2003) 
166, 168 
United States v. Bahna, 
68 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 1995) 
passim 
United States v. Balde, 
20 Cr. 281 (KPF) 
298 
United States v. Barlow, 
732 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) 
300 
United States v. Barlow, 
732 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2010), aff'd, 479 F. App'x 372 (2d Cir. 2012) 
300, 302 
United States v. Barnes, 
520 F. Supp. 2d 510 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
300 
United States v. Batchelder, 
442 U.S. 114 (1979) 
265 
United States v. Bejasa, 
904 F.2d 137 (2d Cir. 1990) 
274 
United States v. Bellomo, 
263 F. Supp. 2d 561 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) 
268 
United States v. Ben Zvi, 
242 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2001) 
41 
United States v. Benussi, 
216 F. Supp. 2d 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) 
248, 250 
United States v. Biaggi, 
675 F. Supp. 790 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) 
268 
United States v. Biaggi, 
909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1990) 
298, 300 
United States v. Bin Laden, 
91 F. Supp. 2d 600 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) 
240 
United States v. Bfrney, 
686 F.2d 102 (2d Cir. 1982) 
61, 65 
United States v. Buren, 
470 F.2d 113 (2d Cir. 1972) 
183 
EFTA00077616

United States v. Blakney, 
941 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1991) 
205, 219 
United States v. Blaszczak, 
308 F. Supp. 3d 736 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 
279 
United States v. Block, 
No. 16 Cr. 595 (JPO), 2017 WL 1608905 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2017) 
267 
United States v. Bonacorsa, 
528 F.2d 1218 (2d Cir. 1976) 
180, 190, 197, 199 
United States v. Bonventre, 
646 F App'x 73 (2d Cir. 2016) 
271 
United States v. Bortnovsky, 
820 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1987) 
266, 267, 274 
United States v. Botti, 
No. 08 Cr. 230 (CSH), 2009 WL 3157582 (D. Conn. Sept. 25, 2009) 
218 
United States v. Brand, 
467 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2006) 
236 
United States v. Brand, 
556 F.2d 1312 (5th Cir. 1977) 
75 
United States v. Brand, 
No. 04 Cr. 194 (PKL), 2005 WL 77055 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2005) 
257 
United States v. Broccolo, 
797 F. Supp. 1185 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 
207, 214, 217 
United States v. Brown, 
744 F. Supp. 558 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) 
170 
United States v. Brown, 
800 F. App'x 455 (9th Cir. 2020), cert denied, No. 20-5064, 
S.Ct. 
, 2021 WL 78235 (Jan. 
11, 2021) 
United States v. Brown, 
34, 39 
No. 07-0296, 2008 WL 161146 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2008) 
216 
United States v. Brown, 
No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) 
6 
United States v. Bruno, 
159 F. Supp. 3d 311 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) 
7 
United States v. Bunn, 
154 F. App'x 227 (2d Cir. 2005) 
237 
United States v. Burke, 
No. 09 Cr. 135 (SJ), 2011 WL 2609837 (E.D.N.Y. July I, 2011) 
82 
United States v. Butler, 
351 F. Supp. 121 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 
243 
United States v. Butler, 
No. 04 Cr. 340, 2004 WL 2274751 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2004) 
208, 211 
United States v. Calandra, 
414 U.S. 338 (1974) 
110 
United States v. Caming, 
968 F.2d 232 (2d Cir. 1992) 
165 
xi 
EFTA00077617

United States v. Campo Flores, 
No. 15 Cr. 765 (PAC), 2016 WL 5946472 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2016) 
281, 282 
United States v. Canfield, 
212 F.3d 713 (2d Cir. 2000) 
167 
United States v. Canter, 
338 F. Supp. 2d 460 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 
283 
United States v. Carbonaro, 
No. 02 Cr. 743 (RCC), 2004 WL 2222145 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004) 
83 
United States v. Carpenter, 
680 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2012) 
50 
United States v. Carson, 
464 F.2d 424 (2d Cir. 1972) 
217, 219 
United States v. CFW Const. Co., 
583 F. Supp. 197 (D. S.C. 1984) 
23 
United States v. Chacko, 
169 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 1999) 
259 
United States v. Chalmers, 
474 F. Supp. 2d 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
225, 226 
United States v. Chambers, 
800 F. App'x 43 (2d Cir. 2020) 
69 
United States v. Chan Lo, 
No. 14 Cr. 491 (VSB), 2016 WL 9076234 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2016), aff'd. 679 F. App'x 79 (2d 
Cir. 2017) 
United States v. Chen, 
378 F.3d 151 (2d Cir. 2004) 
United States v. Cheung Kin Ping, 
555 F.2d 1069 (2d Cir. 1977) 
United States v. Chuang, 
183 
271 
68, 81 
897 F.2d 646 (2d Cir. 1990) 
115, 116 
United States v. Coffey, 
361 F. Supp. 2d 102 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) 
228 
United States v. Coke, 
No. 07 Cr. 971 (RPP), 2011 WL 3738969 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2011) 
153, 160, 163 
United States v. Collins, 
409 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 
278 
United States v. Concepcion, 
983 F.2d 369 (2d Cir. 1992) 
252 
United States v. Coppa, 
267 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2001) 
274 
United States v. Corbett, 
750 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2014) 
137 
United States v. Cornielle, 
171 F.3d 748 (2d Cir. 1999) 
60, 77, 78, 85 
United States v. Corr, 
543 F.2d 1042 (2d Cir. 1976) 
181 
xii 
EFTA00077618

United States v. Countentos, 
651 F.3d 809 (8th Cir. 2011) 
57, 58 
United States v. Cromitie, 
727 F.3d 194 (2d Cir. 2019) 
154 
United States v. Cromitie, et al., 
09 Cr. 558 (CM) 
286 
United States v. Crouch, 
84 F.3d 1497 (5th Cir. 1996) 
75 
United States v. D'Amico, 
734 F. Supp. 2d 321 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
268 
United States v. Davis, 
702 F.2d 418 (2d Cir. 1983) 
passim 
United States v. DeFilippo, 
No. 17 Cr. 585 (WHP), 2018 WL 740727 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2018) 
169 
United States v. Delacruz, 
970 F. Supp. 2d 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
77 
United States v. DePalma, 
461 F. Supp. 778 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) 
241, 250 
United States v. Dewar, 
489 F. Supp. 2d 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
165 
United States v. Diaz, 
176 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 1999) 
251, 253 
United States v. DiGregorio, 
795 F. Supp. 630 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 
155 
United States v. Dodge, 
597 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) 
54 
United States v. Dornau, 
356 F. Supp. 1091 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) 
73 
United States v. Dorvee, 
616 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2010) 
236 
United States v. Drago, 
No. 18 Cr. 0394 (SW) (AYS), 2019 WL 3072288 (E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019) 
86 
United States v. Dumitru, 
No. 18 Cr. 243 (LAK), 2018 WL 3407703 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2018) 
261 
United States v. Eldred, 
933 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2019) 
123 
United States v. E!-Sadig, 
133 F. Supp. 2d 600 (N.D. Ohio 2001) 
23 
United States v. Elsbery, 
602 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir. 1979) 
62, 72 
United States v. Estrada, 
320 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2003) 
259 
United States v. Ewell, 
383 U.S. 116 (1966) 
80 
EFTA00077619

United States v. Falso, 
544 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008) 
United States v. Fanner, 
137 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 1998) 
United States v. Feldman, 
939 F.3d 182 (2d Cir. 2019) 
United States v. Fennell, 
166, 169 
179, 180 
8, 20, 27 
496 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
284, 286 
United States v. Figueroa, 
618 F.2d 934 (2d Cir. 1980) 
255 
United States v. Fiumano, 
No. 14 Cr. 518 (JFK), 2016 WL 1629356 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2016) 
70 
United States v. Florence, 
456 F.2d 46 (4th Cir. 1972) 
293 
United States v. Florida West Int'l Airways, Inc., 
853 F. Supp. 2d 1209 (S.D. Fla. 2012) 
23, 24 
United States v. Forde, 
740 F. Supp. 2d 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
passim 
United States v. Gallo, 
No. 98 Cr. (JGK), 1999 WL 9848 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. II, 1999) 
275, 281 
United States v. Gambino, 
838 F. Supp. 744 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 
70 
United States v. Gaudin, 
515 U.S. 506 (1995) 
182, 184, 200, 222 
United States v. Geaney, 
417 F.2d 1116 (2d Cir. 1969) 
284 
United States v. Gentile, 
235 F. Supp. 3d 649 (D.N.J. 2017) 
48 
United States v. Ghailani, 
751 F. Supp. 2d 502 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
155 
United States v. Ghavami, 
No. 10 Cr. 1217 (KMW), 2012 WL 2878126 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2012) 
262 
United States v. Gibson, 
175 F. Supp. 2d 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 
268 
United States v. Gilbert, 
266 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2001) 
62 
United States v. Gillette, 
383 F.2d 843 (2d Cir. 1967) 
165 
United States v. Gonzalez, 
No. 00 Cr. 447, 2000 WL 1721171 
85 
United States v. Gottfried, 
165 F.2d 360 (2d Cir. 1948) 
292 
United States v. Gracesqui, 
No. 10 Cr. 74 (PKC), 2015 WL 5231168 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2015), aff'd, 730 F. App'x 25 
(2d Cir. 2018) 
209 
xiv 
EFTA00077620

United States v. Green, 
981 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2020) 
124 
United States v. Greer, 
956 F. Supp. 525 (D. Vt. 1997) 
72 
United States v. GrWith, 
No. 99 Cr. (HB), 2000 WL 1253265 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2000) 
264 
United States v. Guerrier, 
18 Cr. 284 (JSR) 
286 
United States v. Guzman, 
337 F. Supp. 140 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 
300 
United States v. Halkbank, 
No. 15 Cr. 867 (RMB), 2020 WL 5849512 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. I, 2020) 
261 
United States v. Hallahan, 
756 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2014) 
19 
United States v. Halper, 
590 F.2d 422 (2d Cir. 1978) 
216 
United States v. Haqq, 
278 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2002) 
115 
United States v. Harrison, 
764 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 
72 
United States v. Hastings, 
461 U.S. 499 (1983) 
160 
United States v. Heath, 
455 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2006) 
132, 133 
United States v. Henderson, 
337 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003) 
61, 62 
United States v. Henry, 
861 F. Supp. 1190 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 
269 
United States v. Herbert, 
698 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1983) 
293 
United States v. Hernandez, 
85 F.3d 1023 (2d Cir. 1996) 
242 
United States v. Hester, 
No. 19 Cr. 324 (NSR), 2020 WL 3483702 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2020) 
211 
United States v. Heyward, 
No. 10 Cr. 84 (LTS), 2010 WL 4484642 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) 
154 
United States v. Hillegas, 
578 F.2d 453 (2d Cir. 1978) 
79 
United States v. Hoo, 
825 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1987) 
78 
United States v. Hsia, 
24 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 1998) 
249 
United States v. lannelli, 
461 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1972) 
64 
xv 
EFTA00077621

United States v. Israel, 
05 Cr. 1039 (CM) 
286 
United States v. Jackman, 
46 F.3d 1240 (2d Cir. 1995) 
300, 301 
United States v. Jeffries, 
405 F.3d 682 (8th Cir. 2005) 
33, 37, 38, 46 
United States v. Jenkins, 
727 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2018) 
194 
United States v. Jennings, 
960 F.2d 1488 (9th Cir. 1992) 
162 
United States v. Jimenez, 
824 F. Supp. 351 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 
240, 268 
United States v. Johns, 
15 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 1994) 
37 
United States v. Johnson, 
21 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 
294 
United States v. Jones, 
482 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 2006) 
259 
United States v. Josephberg, 
459 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2006) 
passim 
United States v. Kaplan, 
758 F. App'x 34 (2d Cir. 2018) 
182 
United States v. Kenny, 
883 F. Supp. 869 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) 
294 
United States v. Kidd, 
386 F. Supp.3d 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 
231, 232 
United States v. King, 
560 F.2d 122 (2d Cir. 1977) 
64 
United States v. Kozel, 
No. 19 Cr. 460 (KMW), 2020 WL 4751498 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2020) 
236 
United States v. Kross, 
14 F.3d 751 (2d Cir. 1994) 
183, 221, 222 
United States v. LaFlam, 
369 F.3d 153 (2d Cir. 2004) 
254 
United States v. Lahey, 
967 F. Supp. 2d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
168 
United States v. Lambus, 
897 F.3d 368 (2d Cir. 2018) 
passim 
United States v. Laskow, 
688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) 
8 
United States v. Laskow, 
688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) (tbl.) 
5 
United States v. Laurenti, 
581 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1978) 
79 
xvi 
EFTA00077622

United States v. Lawson, 
683 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1982) 
United States v. Leo Sure Chief 
438 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2006) 
United States v. Leon, 
468 U.S. 897 (1984) 
60, 78 
33, 38, 46 
124, 125 
United States v. Leonelli, 
428 F. Supp. 880 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) 
268 
United States v. Levy, 
No. II Cr. 62 (PAC), 2013 WL 664712 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2013) 
267 
United States v. Lighte, 
782 F.2d 367 (2d Cir. 1986) 
passim 
United States v. Loera, 
333 F. Supp. 3d 172 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) 
152 
United States v. Long, 
697 F. Supp. 651 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 
65 
United States v. Lopez, 
944 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1991) 
21, 26 
United States v. Lovasco, 
431 U.S. 783 (1977) 
76, 79, 80, 82 
United States v. Mahabub, 
No. 13 Cr. 908 (MN), 2014 WL 4243657 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2014) 
266, 268, 269 
United States v. Mandell, 
710 F. Supp. 2d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
267 
United States v. Marcus, 
628 F.3d 36 (2d Cir. 2010) 
248 
United States v. Mariamma Vijua, 
No. 15 Cr. 240, 2016 WL 107841 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2016) 
22 
United States v. Marion, 
404 U.S. 307 (1971) 
59, 63, 72 
United States v. Markiewicz, 
978 F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992) 
178, 180, 187, 198 
United States v. Martin, 
426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005) 
167 
United States v. Martinez, 
No. 92 Cr. (SWK), 1993 WL 322768 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1993) 
216 
United States v. Martinez, 
No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1995 WL 10849 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 1995) 
77 
United States v. Mason, 
479 F. App'x 397 (2d Cir. 2012) 
248 
United States v. Mast, 
735 F.2d 745 (2d Cir. 1984) 
144 
United States v. McCourty, 
562 F.3d 458 (2d Cir. 2009) 
260 
xvii 
EFTA00077623

United States v. McDarrah, 
351 F. App'x 558 (2d Cir. 2009) 
257 
United States v. Medina, 
No. 13 Cr. 272 (PGG), 2014 WL 3057917 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2014) 
261 
United States v. Miller, 
116 F.3d 641 (2d Cir. 1997) 
252, 292 
United States v. Miller, 
425 U.S. 435 (1976) 
116, 117, 119 
United States v. Miller, 
911 F.3d 638 (1st Cir. 2018) 
44 
United States v. Ming He, 
94 F.3d 782 (2d Cir. 1996) 
161 
United States v. Mitan, 
No. 08-760, 2009 WL 2328870 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2009) 
218 
United States v. Mitchell, 
966 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1992) 
144 
United States v. Mitlof, 
165 F. Supp. 2d 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 
268 
United States v. Monserrate, 
No. 10 Cr. 965 (CM), 2011 WL 3480957 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2011) 
267 
United States v. Montoya-Eschevarria, 
892 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 
118 
United States v. Moore, 
968 F.2d 216 (2d Cir. 1992) 
125 
United States v. Morgan, 
113 F.3d 1230, 1997 WL 268712 (2d Cir. 1997) (unpublished opinion) 
45 
United States v. Mostafa, 
965 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
242, 243, 247, 262 
United States v. Mulder, 
273 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2001) 
241, 242 
United States v. Mullens, 
536 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1976) 
139 
United States v. Murgio, 
209 F. Supp. 3d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) 
231, 241, 247 
United States v. Muric, 
No. 10 Cr. 112 (LTS), 2010 WL 2891178 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) 
86 
United States v. Myers, 
692 F.2d 823 (2d Cir. 1982) 
153, 161 
United States v. Napolitano, 
552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) 
241 
United States v. Nejad, 
No. 18 Cr. 224 (MN), 2019 WL 6702361 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2019) 
225 
United States v. Nemesian, 
824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987) 
233 
xviii 
EFTA00077624

United States v. Nitsche, 
843 F. Supp. 2d 4 (D.D.C. 2011) 
201, 202 
United States v. Nixon, 
418 U.S. 683 (1974) 
282 
United States v. Noble, 
No. 07 Cr. 284 (RJS), 2008 WL 140966 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2008) 
164 
United States v. Okwumabua, 
828 F.2d 950 (2d Cir. 1987) 
138 
United States v. Olivieri, 
740 F. Supp. 2d 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
146 
United States v. Oshatz, 
700 F. Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 
147, 148 
United States v. Page, 
657 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2011) 
205, 209, 210, 220 
United States v. Pascarella, 
84 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 1996) 
252 
United States v. Paulin, 
445 F.3d 211 (2d Cir. 2006) 
253 
United States v. Payner, 
447 U.S. 727 (1980) 
115, 161, 162 
United States v. Pena, 
932 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
221 
United States v. Perez, 
940 F. Supp. 540 (S.D.N.Y.I996) 
281 
United States v. Pierre-Louis, 
No. 16 Cr. 541 (CM), 2018 WL 4043140 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018) 
passim 
United States v. Pipola, 
83 F.3d 556 (2d Cir. 1996) 
253 
United States v. Pirro, 
212 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) 
229 
United States v. Pizarro, 
No. 17 Cr. 151 (MN), 2018 WL 1737236 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2018) 
passim 
United States v. Plaza-Andrades, 
507 F. App'x 22 (2d Cir. 2013) 
291 
United States v. Polos, 
723 F. App'x 64 (2d Cir. 2018) 
195 
United States v. Post, 
950 F. Supp. 2d 519 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
226 
United States v. Potamitis, 
739 F.2d 784 (2d Cir. 1984) 
passim 
United States v. Prisco, 
391 F. App'x 920 (2d Cir. 2010) 
4 
United States v. Quinones, 
511 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2007) 
251 
xix 
EFTA00077625